All subordinate clauses that are headed by a complementizer (C) are labeled CP. In addition, there are several types of subordinate clauses whose basic label is IP:
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ But)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP pray)
(NP-OB2 (PRO you))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-VOC (ADJ fayre) (N knyght))
(PUNC ,)
(CP-THT (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(VBP tarry)
(NEG nat)
(NP-MSR (ADJ longe))
(PP (P frome)
(NP (PRO me)))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,48.1583))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP suppose)
(CP-THT (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(BEP ar)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ displesyd)
(CP-THT (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(HVP have)
(VBN shewed)
(NP-OB2 (PRO you))
(NP-OB1 (N unkyndnesse)))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,48.1574))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
(ADVP (ADV Truly))
(PUNC ,)
(PUNC ')
(IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
(NP-SBJ (NPR Balyne)))
(PUNC ,)
(PUNC ')
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(BEP am)
(ADJP-PRD (ADV ryght) (ADJ hevy)
(CP-THT (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N lorde)
(NP-PRN (NPR Arthure)))
(BEP ys)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ displeased)
(PP (P with)
(NP (PRO me)))))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,52.1746))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
(PP (P+N bycause)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N armoure)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NX (N shylde))))))
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(BEP am)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ sure)
(CP-THT (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD shall)
(VB ryde)
(PP (P in)
(NP (N pease))))))
(PUNC .)
(PUNC '))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,198.3079))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (PRO she))
(BED was)
(NP-PRD (N causer)
(CP-THT (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N modir))
(BED was)
(VAN brente))))
(PP (P thorow)
(NP (PRO$ hir) (N falsehode)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NX (N trechory)))))
(PUNC .)
(PUNC '))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,49.1625))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
(BEP ys)
(NP-PRD (ADJ grete) (N pite`))
(CP-THT-1 (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD shall)
(NEG nat)
(VB endure)
(NP-MSR (FP but) (D a) (N whyle))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,51.1680))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
(PP (P as)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD paste)
(PP (P beyonde)
(NP (D the) (N castell))))))
(NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
(VBD thought)
(CP-THT-1 (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD herde)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (NS bellys))
(VB rynge))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,205.3340))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP take)
(NP-OB1=1 (PRO it))
(CP-THT-1 (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D a) (N man))
(BEP is)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB seek)
(NP-OB1 (N remedy)
(PP (P against)
(NP (NS euils)))))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID GIFFORD-1593-E2-H,E3V.436))
( (PP (P to)
(NP (ADJ+N goodman)
(NPR Collier)
(PUNC ,)
(PP (P as)
(CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP take)
(NP-OB1=3 (PRO it))
(CP-THT-3 (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-PRD *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N name))
(BEP is))))))
(PUNC ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-2 (WPRO who))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
(VBP uses)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB keepe)
(NP-OB1 (NS horses))
(PP (P for)
(NP (PRO mee))))))))
(ID HOXINDEN-1648-E3-P1,138.146))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV than))
(BED was)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ ware)
(CP-THT *ICH*-1))
(PP (P by)
(NP (PRO$ hys) (NS armys)))
(CP-THT-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 (EX there))
(VBD com)
(IP-PPL (VAG rydyng))
(NP-2 (PRO$ hys) (N brothir)
(NP-PRN (NPR Balan)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,52.1732))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (D Thys))
(BED was)
(NP-PRD (D the) (N cause)
(CP-THT *ICH*-1))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-VOC (N damesell))
(PUNC ,)
(CP-THT-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(VBD com)
(PP (P into)
(NP (D thys) (N courte)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,50.1673))
( (IP-IMP (VBI Take)
(NP-OB1 (N heed))
(PP (P of)
(NP (ONE oo) (N thynge)
(PUNC ,)
(CP-THT-PRN (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
(VBP slepe)
(NEG not)
(PP (P whan)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
(MD shuldest)
(VB wake))))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMAELR4-M4,6.167))
If the THAT clause is extraposed, as is often the case, this is indicated by a *ICH* trace in the usual way.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (D that)
(CP-THT-PRN *ICH*-1))
(NP-OB2 (PRO me))
(VBP forthynkith)
(CP-THT-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(HVP have)
(VBN greved)
(NP-OB1 (NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(NP (Q ony)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ hys) (N courte))))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,51.1698))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
(NP-SBJ (D This)
(CP-THT-PRN *ICH*-1))
(BEP is)
(NP-PRD (D an) (ADJ harde) (N ease))
(PUNC ,)
(PUNC ')
(IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot)))
(PUNC ,)
(PUNC ')
(CP-THT-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB (CONJ other)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD muste)
(VB dye))
(CONJP (CONJ other)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB chose)
(NP-OB1 (ONE one)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO you))))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,184.2552))
( (IP-IMP (CONJ and) (ADVP (ADV withall)) (BEI be) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ carful) (CP-THT (C that) (PUNC ,) (IP-INF (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (WNP-2 (WPRO+ADV+ADV whatsoever)) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2) (NP-SBJ (PRO you)) (DOP doe)))) (PUNC ,) (TO to) (VB (VB love) (VB honer) (CONJ and) (VB obey)) (NP-OB1 (PRO$ your) (N housband)) (PP (P in) (NP (Q all) (NS things) (CP-REL (WNP-1 0) (C that) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) (BEP is) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ fitting) (PP (P for) (NP (D a) (ADJ resonable) (N creture))))))))))) (PUNC .)) (ID PEYTON-1632-E2-H,87.5)) ( (CP-REL (WADVP-4 (WADV where)) (C 0) (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-4) (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (VBP commaundeth) (PUNC ,) (CP-THT (C that) (IP-INF (PP (P in) (NP (Q al) (NS woundes) (PP (P of) (NP (D the) (N wombe))))) (PUNC ,) (TO to) (VB sewe) (NP-OB1 (D the) (FW Sifac)) (PP (P with) (NP (D the) (FW Myrac)))))) (PUNC ;)) (ID VICARY-1548-E1-H,63.243))
Adverbial clauses are either introduced by a contentful
subordinating conjunction or not. In the first case, the subordinating
conjunction is tagged P and the remainder of the subordinate
clause is treated as
its CP-ADV
complement. The second case includes clauses headed by the
complementizer (C) THAT and V1 conditionals.
Adverbial AS clause
See also
AS ... SO clause
and AS free relative.
Adverbial AS clauses fall into two main types - without a gap and
with a gap.
In the second type of adverbial AS clause with a gap, the PP
dominates a CP-ADV with a gap of category NP (or in some cases,
PP). This type includes AS continuative clauses. These might be
treated as clause-adjoined relatives (CP-CAR), but we have
chosen not to do so.
In clauses of the type AS X SAID, AS X WROTE, AS YOU KNOW (WELL), and
the like, the PP is labeled as parenthetical (PP-PRN).
Adverbial AS clause without gap
The simplest type of AS clause does not contain a gap. In these cases,
AS can be paraphrased as WHEN, WHILE, SINCE, AS IF, and the like.
( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV So))
(PP (P as)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(VBD rode)
(PP (P to)
(NP (D the) (NS justes) (WARD ward))))))
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Kay))
(HVD had)
(VBN lost)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N suerd))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,8.214))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(PP (P as)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
(VBD loked)
(PP (P besyde)
(NP (PRO hym))))))
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD sawe)
(NP-OB1 (D a) (N knyght)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(BED was)
(ADJP-PRD (ADVP (ADV passyngely) (ADV well))
(ADJ horsed)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,26.818))
Adverbial AS clause with gap
Adverbial AS clauses with a gap in turn fall into two types, depending
on whether AS can be paraphrased (roughly) as IN THE SAME WAY THAT or as
WHICH. In the first type, AS is often preceded by a modifier (JUST,
LIKE, RIGHT, SO, etc.) and the CP-ADV complement of AS is
annotated with an adverbial empty operator.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP wylle)
(ADVP (ADV wel))
(PUNC ,)
(PUNC ')
(IP-MAT-PRN (VBD said)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N kynge)))
(PUNC ,)
(PUNC ')
(PP (P as)
(CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO thow))
(MD wilt)
(HV have)
(NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))
(PUNC .)
(PUNC '))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,4.76))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Soo))
(NP-SBJ (D this))
(BED was)
(DAN done)
(PP (P as)
(CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(VBD devysed))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,4.87))
( (IP-INF (FOR for)
(TO to)
(VB nourisshe)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N child))
(PP (ADV lyke)
(P as)
(CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (IP-INF (ADVP *T*-1))
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N kynge))
(VBD desyred)))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,6.147))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (PRO it))
(VBP serveth)
(PP (P of)
(NP (Q many) (D a) (ADJ necessarie) (N conclusioun)
(PP (P in)
(NP (NS equacions)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NS thinges)))))))
(PP (P as)
(CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(MD shal)
(BE be)
(VAN shewid))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMASTRO-M3,669.C2.176))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q ani) (ADJ vnweote))
(VBP aski+d)
(NP-OB2 (PRO ou))
(CP-QUE-SUB (WPP-1 (P of)
(WNP (WD wat) (N ordre)))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
(BEP beo+d)))
(PUNC ,)
(PP (P ase)
(CP-ADV (WNP-2 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (Q summe)
(CP-REL *ICH*-3))
(DOP do+d)
(PUNC ,)
(IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
(VBP telle+d)
(NP-OB1 (PRO me)))
(PUNC ,)
(CP-REL-3 (WNP-4 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-4)
(VBP si+ge+d)
(NP-OB1 (D +te) (N gnete)))
(CONJP (CONJ ant)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-4)
(VBP swole+ge+d)
(NP-OB1 (D +te) (N fle+ge))))))))))
(ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,I.46.67))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (EX ther))
(BEP is)
(NP-1 (Q no) (N wight)
(CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
(HVP hath)
(NP-OB1 (ADJ sovereyn) (N bountee))))
(PP (P save)
(NP (NPR God) (FP allone))))
(PUNC ,)
(PP-PRN (P as)
(CP-ADV (WNP-3 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-3)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he)
(NP-PRN (PRO+N hymself)))
(VBP recordeth)
(PP (P in)
(NP (PRO$ hys) (N Evaungelie)))))))
(ID CMCTMELI-M3,220.C2.139))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ For)
(NP-SBJ (D thes) (NUM eleven) (NS kyngis))
(MD shall)
(VB dye)
(PP (Q all)
(P in)
(NP (ONE one) (N day)))
(PP (P by)
(NP (D the) (ADJ grete) (N myght)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NX (N prouesse)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NS armys)))))
(PP (P of)
(NP (NUM two) (ADJ valyaunte) (NS knyghtes)))))
(PUNC ,)
(PUNC ')
(PUNC -)
(PP-PRN (P as)
(CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(VBP tellith)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV aftir)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,31.996))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(NP-TMP (D the) (ADJ same) (N nyght))
(PUNC ,)
(PP-PRN (P as)
(CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD shal)
(VB ansuer)
(PP (P unto)
(NP (NPR God))))))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-SBJ (D this) (N child))
(BED was)
(VAN begoten)
(PP (P upon)
(NP (PRO me)))
(PUNC .)
(PUNC '))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,5.129))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D An) (N hemme))
(PUNC ,)
(PP-PRN (P as)
(CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
(VBP wost)
(ADVP (ADV wel)))))
(PUNC ,)
(BEP is)
(NP-PRD (D +te) (ADJ laste) (N ende)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D a) (N clo+t))))
(PUNC ;))
(ID CMAELR3-M23,34.225))
Bare CP-ADV
Bare CP-ADV headed by THAT
Bare CP-ADV clauses headed by THAT usually express purpose or
result (often with the verbs SEND and WARN).
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot))
(VBD smote)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
(RP downe)
(PUNC ,)
(CP-ADV (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD lay)
(PP (P in)
(NP (D a) (N sowghe)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,199.3125))
( (IP-IMP-SPE (CONJ and)
(VBI hange)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N swerde))
(ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
(PP (P uppon)
(NP (D a) (N bowghe)))
(CP-ADV (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD may)
(VB gete)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,206.3377))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV So))
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N Archebisshop))
(PP (P by)
(NP (D the) (N advys)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Merlyn)))))
(VBD send)
(PP (P for)
(NP (Q alle) (D the) (NS lordes)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NX (NS gentilmen)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NS armes)))))))
(CP-ADV (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(MD shold)
(VB come)
(PP (P by)
(NP (NPR Crystmasse)))
(PP (FP even)
(P unto)
(NP (NPR London)))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,7.188))
( (IP-INF (TO to)
(VB sende)
(NP-OB1 (NS messangeris))
(PP (P into)
(NP (Q al) (NPR Israel)))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-MSR (PP (P fro)
(NP (NPR Bersabee)))
(PP (P til_to)
(NP (NPR Dan))))
(PUNC ,)
(CP-ADV (C that)
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO thei))
(MD schulden)
(VB come))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-SUB=1 (VB make)
(NP-OB1 (N pask))
(PP (P to)
(NP (D the) (NPR Lord) (NPR God)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Israel)))))
(PP (P in)
(NP (NPR Jerusalem))))))))
(ID CMPURVEY-M3,I,26.1315))
V1 conditional
See Verb movement to C for the
general guidelines governing the representation of subject-verb inversion.
V1 conditionals include V1 counterparts of adverbial WHETHER questions (CP-QUE-SUB-ADV).
( (CP-ADV (IP-SUB (BED were) (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (NP-PRD (D a) (ADJ rich) (N man))))) ( (CP-ADV (IP-SUB (HVD had) (NP-SBJ (PRO you)) (NEG not) (VBN arrived) (PP (P in) (NP time))))) ( (CP-ADV (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (MD will@) (NP-SBJ (PRO @e))) (CONJP (IP-SUB (NEG n@) (MD @ill@) (NP-SBJ (PRO @e)))))))
See Background for degree and comparative constructions for terminology and concepts. This section focuses on finite degree clauses. Degree infinitives (IP-INF-DEG) are discussed separately.
Degree clauses differ from comparative clauses in not containing a gap, but are otherwise treated analogously. In particular, they attach in the lowest position available to them in the overt syntax (generally, but not always, as a sister of the degree head that licenses them).
( (NP (SUCH such)
(D an)
(ADJ easy)
(N problem)
(CP-DEG (C that / 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(MD can)
(VB solve)
(NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))))
( (ADJP (ADVR so)
(ADJ easy)
(CP-DEG (C that / 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(MD can)
(VB solve)
(NP-OB1 (PRO it))))))
( (NP (D a)
(N problem)
(ADJP (ADVR so)
(ADJ easy)
(CP-DEG (C that / 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(MD can)
(VB solve)
(NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))))
( (NP (ADJP (ADVR so)
(ADJ easy))
(D a)
(N problem)
(CP-DEG (C that / 0) ← like this
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(MD can)
(VB solve)
(NP-OB1 (PRO it))))))
( (NP (ADJP (ADVR so)
(ADJ easy)
(CP-DEG *ICH*-1)) ← not like this
(D a)
(N problem)
(CP-DEG-1 (C that / 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(MD can)
(VB solve)
(NP-OB1 (PRO it))))))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD smote)
(NP-OB1 (NPR sir) (NPR Sagramoure))
(ADVP (ADVR so)
(ADV sore)
(CP-DEG (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N horse) (CONJ and) (N man))
(VBD wente)
(Q bothe)
(PP (P to)
(NP (D the) (N erthe))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,200.3170))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
(PP (P yf)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N lorde)
(NP-PRN (PRO$ my) (N husbande)))
(VBP wete)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit)))))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BEP is)
(ADJP-PRD (ADVR so)
(ADJ hasty)
(CP-DEG (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD wyll)
(VB sle)
(NP-OB1 (PRO me)))))
(PUNC .)
(PUNC '))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,205.3353))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
(NP-SBJ (PRO she))
(VBD helde)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
(ADVP (ADVR so)
(ADV faste)
(CP-DEG (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD myght)
(NEG nat)
(VB take)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
(PP (RP oute)
(P of)
(NP (PRO$ hir) (N honde)))
(PP (P but)
(PP (P yf)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD sholde)
(HV have)
(VBN hurte)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hir)))))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,52.1723))
Adjectives or quantifiers do not count as heads of NP for the purposes of calculating attachment.
( (NP (QP (ADVR so) ← like this - with implicit N head
(Q many))
(CP-DEG (C that)
(IP-SUB ...))))
( (NP (QP (ADVR so) ← parallel to this
(Q many))
(NS problems)
(CP-DEG (C that)
(IP-SUB ...))))
( (NP (ADVR so)
(Q many) ← not like this
(CP-DEG (C that)
(IP-SUB ...))))
( (IP-INF (TO to)
(VB go)
(NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR so) ← like this
(ADJ far))
(CP-DEG (C that)
(IP-SUB ...)))))
( (IP-INF (TO to)
(VB go)
(NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR so) ← parallel to this
(ADJ far))
(D a)
(N distance)
(CP-DEG (C that)
(IP-SUB ...)))))
( (IP-INF (TO to)
(VB go)
(NP-MSR (ADVR so) ← not like this
(ADJ far)
(CP-DEG (C that)
(IP-SUB ...)))))
In general, degree complements are headed by THAT or its silent
counterpart, but also by AS. In such cases, AS is treated as a
preposition (P) that in turn takes a CP-DEG
complement. As expected, the head of the CP-DEG may be overt
or silent, as in the ordinary case.
( (ADJP (ADVR so)
(ADJ easy)
(PP (P as)
(CP-DEG (C that / 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(MD can)
(VB solve)
(NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))))
( (NP (SUCH such)
(D an)
(ADJ easy)
(N problem)
(PP (P as)
(CP-DEG (C that / 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(MD can)
(VB solve)
(NP-OB1 (PRO it))))))))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (VBD made) (NP-OB1 (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ big)) (D a) (N fuss) (CP-DEG *ICH*-1)) ← like this (ADVP-TMP (ADV yesterday)) (CP-DEG-1 (C that) (IP-SUB ...)) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (VBD made) (NP-OB1 (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ big) (CP-DEG *ICH*-1)) ← not like this (D a) (N fuss)) (ADVP-TMP (ADV yesterday)) (CP-DEG-1 (C that) (IP-SUB ...)) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (VBD made) (NP-OB1 (SUCH such) (D a) (ADJ big) (N fuss) (CP-DEG *ICH*-1)) (ADVP-TMP (ADV yesterday)) (CP-DEG-1 (C that) (IP-SUB ...)) (PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot))
(VBD charged)
(ADVP (ADVR so)
(ADV sore)
(CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
(PP (P uppon)
(NP (PRO hym)))
(CP-DEG-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N horse))
(VBD reversed)
(ADVP (ADV up-so-downe))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,201.3194))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Than))
(NP-SBJ (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
(DOD dud)
(ADVP (ADVR so)
(ADV mervaylesly)
(CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
(PP (P in)
(NP (NS armys)))
(CP-DEG-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q all) (NS men))
(HVD had)
(NP-OB1 (N wondir))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,22.691))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ oure) (NS synnes))
(BED were)
(ADJP-PRD (ADVR so)
(ADJ grete)
(CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
(PP (P at)
(NP (D that) (N tyme)))
(CP-DEG-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (QP (ADV+ADV well-nyghe) (Q all)))
(BED was)
(NP-PRD (N wyckednesse))))
(PUNC .)
(PUNC '))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,643.4044))
SO ... AS / THAT constructions are always treated as extraposed degree clauses rather than as independent adverbial result or purpose clauses.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(ADVP (ADVR so)
(CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD drove)
(PP (P over)
(NP (NP-POS (D the) (N$ horse))
(N tayle)))
(PUNC ,)
(CP-DEG-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N helme))
(VBD smote)
(PP (P into)
(NP (D the) (N erthe)))
(NP-MSR (NP (D a) (N foote))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (QR more))))
(PUNC ,)
(CP-ADV (C that)
(IP-SUB (ADVP (ADV nyghe))
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N nek))
(BED was)
(VAN broke)))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,188.2720))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
(PP (P if)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD woll)
(VB abyde)
(PP (P in)
(NP (D thys) (N courte)))
(PP (P amonge)
(NP (PRO$ my) (N felyship))))))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD shall)
(ADVP (ADVR so)
(PP *ICH*-1))
(VB avaunce)
(NP-OB1 (PRO $you))
(PP-1 (P as)
(CP-DEG (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD shall)
(BE be)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ pleased)))))
(PUNC .)
(PUNC '))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,48.1578))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD (VBD robbit) (CONJ and) (VBD quellede))
(NP-OB1 (N folc))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-MSR (Q al)
(CP-DEG (WNP-1 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD might)
(VB *))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMBRUT3-M3,226.4097))
( (IP-INF-2 (VB g+atenn)
(NP-OB1 (PRO +te))
(LB |)
(LB |)
(NP-MSR (Q All)
(CP-DEG (WNP-3 0)
(C +tatt)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-3)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +gho))
(MD ma+g+g)
(VB *))))
(PP (P fra)
(NP (N sinne))))
(ID CMORM-M1,I,214.1767))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(BED w+as)
(PP (ADV+P +t+artogeanes))
(NP-MSR (Q eall)
(CP-DEG (WNP-1 0)
(C +tet)
(IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD (MD mihte) (CONJ &) (MD cu+de))
(VB *))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMPETERB-M1,43.54))
See Background for degree and comparative constructions for terminology and concpets.
The external structure of comparatives is as follows. The whole comparison is treated as single constituent, which is labeled according to the category of its head. For example, AS TALL AS... is labeled as an ADJP, MORE CAKE THAN... is labeled as an NP, etc. The AS or THAN that introduces the comparative clause is labeled P and takes a CP-CMP complement. The PP consisting of AS / THAN and its clausal complement attaches at the lowest level available to it in the overt syntax. This is generally, but not always, as the sister of the licensing comparative head. This guideline extends to the traces of extraposed comparative PPs. Internally, all instances of CP-CMP have an empty operator coindexed with a trace indicating the elided target of the comparison.
( (NP (D a)
(ADJP (Q much)
(ADJR bigger))
(N house)
(PP (P than) ← like this
(CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ mine))
(BEP is))))))
( (NP (D a)
(ADJP (Q much)
(ADJR bigger)
(PP *ICH*-1)) ← not like this
(N house)
(PP-1 (P than)
(CP-CMP (WADJP-2 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ mine))
(BEP is))))))
( (ADJP (Q muche)
(ADJR bygger)
(PP (P than)
(CP-CMP (WADJP-2 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-2)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV ever))
(BED was)
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Kay))))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,200.3172))
( (ADVP (ADVR as)
(ADV faste)
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ hys) (N horse))
(MD myght)
(VB renne)))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,639.3917))
( (NP (QR more)
(N worshyp)
(PP (P than)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
(VBP wotist)
(PP (P off)
(NP *T*-1))))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,40.1325))
By default, adjectives and quantifiers do not count as heads of NP for the purposes of calculating attachment.
( (NP (QP (ADVR as) ← like this
(Q many))
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP ...))))
( (NP (QP (ADVR as) ← parallel to this
(Q many))
(NS problems)
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP ...))))
( (NP (ADVR as)
(Q many) ← not like this
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP ...))))
( (IP-INF (TO to)
(VB go)
(NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR as) ← like this
(ADJ far))
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP ...))))
( (IP-INF (TO to)
(VB go)
(NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR so) ← parallel to this
(ADJ far))
(D a)
(N distance)
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP ...))))
( (IP-INF (TO to)
(VB go)
(NP-MSR (ADVR so) ← not like this
(ADJ far)
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP ...))))
( (ADJP (ADVR as) (ADJ easy)
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ *exp*) ← empty expletive corresponds to IT
(MD may)
(BE be))))))
( (NP (QP (ADVR as) (Q few))
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP=2 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ-2 *exp*) ← empty expletive corresponds to THERE
(MD may)
(BE be))))))
( (PP (P with)
(NP (QP (ADVR as) (Q little))
(N noise)
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP=2 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ-2 *exp*) ← empty expletive corresponds to THERE
(MD may)
(BE be)))))))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (QP (ADVR as) (Q many))
(PP *ICH*-2))
(MD mict)
(BE be)
(VAN turnyd)
(PP (P be)
(NP (PRO$ hys) (N voys)))
(PP-2 (P as)
(CP-CMP (WNP-3 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
(MD xulde)
(BE ben)
(VAN *) ← main verb elided
(PP (P be)
(NP (PRO$ thy) (N voys)))
(PP (P +gyf)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu)
(NP-PRN *ICH*-4))
(VBD prechedist)
(NP-4 (PRO$+N thy-selfe)))))))))
(ID CMKEMPE-M4,149.3461))
( (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (NP (NPR sir) (NPR Ulphuns))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (NPR sir) (NPR Brastias))))
(VB tarry)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
(NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR as) (ADJ longe))
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(MD wolde)
(VB *))))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,16.492))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
(MD cou+te)
(ADVP (ADVR bettre)
(PP *ICH*-1))
(VB understonde)
(NP-OB1 (D +te) (N longage)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Grew))))
(PP-1 (P +tan)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-2 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-2)
(CODE {he_could})
(VB speke)
(NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMPOLYCH-M3,VI,255.1858))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
(BEP ys)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJR bettir)
(PP *ICH*-2))
(CP-THT-1 (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(VBP sle)
(NP-OB1 (D a) (N cowarde))))
(PP-2 (P than)
(CP-CMP (WADJP-3 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-3)
(CODE {it_is})
(CP-THT (C 0)
(IP-SUB (PP (P thorow)
(NP (D a) (N coward)))
(NP-SBJ (Q all) (PRO we))
(BEP be)
(VAN slayne))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,27.865))
( (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO+N hemselff))
(ADJP-PRD (ADJP (QR more) (ADJ blessed))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ADJP (ADJR more)
(PP (P in)
(NP (N worship)))))
(PP (P than)
(CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
(CODE {they_think_themself_blessed_if})
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(HVD had)
(VBN gotyn)
(NP-OB1 (Q halff) (D the) (N worlde)))))))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,659.4580))
If an entire clause containing a trace is elided, the clause
brackets are included but no internal structure is given except the
trace. The content of the elided clause may be added (using Modern
English) within
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD wol)
(VB venge)
(NP-RFL (PRO yow))
(PP (P of)
(NP (D the) (N outrage)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ youre) (NS adversaries)))))
(PP (P in)
(NP (OTHER oother) (N manere)
(PP (P than)
(CP-CMP (WPP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N right))
(VBP comandeth)
(CP-THT (PP *T*-1)
(CODE {that_you_venge_yourself}))))))))
(ID CMCTMELI-M3,232.C1.582))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
(BED weren)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJP (ADVR se) (ADJ wise))
(CONJP (CONJ ant)
(ADJP (ADVR se) (ADJ witi)))
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (MAN me))
(VBD fore-seide)
(CP-THT (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
(CODE {that_they_were})))))))
(ID CMKATHE-M1,27.132))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N table)) (BEP is) (ADJP-PRD (QR more) ← analytic comparative (ADJ durable) (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0) (C than) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (BEP is) (ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR *T*-1) (ADJ beautiful))))) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N table)) (BEP is) (ADJP-PRD (ADJR longer) ← synthetic comparative (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0) (C than) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (BEP is) (ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR *T*-1) (ADJ wide))))) (PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV +te+d+dan))
(BED weren)
(NP-1 (QP (ADVR swa) (Q felen))
(NS spechen)
(PP (P swa)
(CP-CMP (WNP-3 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 (EX +tere))
(NP-2 (NP-MSR *T*-3)
(NS wurhten))
(BED weren)))))
(PUNC ;))
(ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,93.822))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N body))
(VBD stickede)
(ADJP-SPR (ADVR alse) (ADJ ful)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NS Arwes)))
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D an) (N hirchone))
(BEP is)
(ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR *T*-1)
(ADJ ful)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NS prickes)))))))))
(ID CMBRUT3-M3,107.3234))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVP ha+t)
(NP-OB1 (QR more) (N ioie)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +te) (N fynding)
(PP (ADV+P +ter-of))))
(PUNC ,)
(PP (P +ten)
(CP-CMP (WNP-3 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP (ADV euer))
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVD had)
(NP-OB1 (NP-MSR *T*-3)
(N sorow)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +te) (N lesing)))))))))
(ID CMCLOUD-M3,132.820))
( (CP-THT (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (NPR passion)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Jhesu) (NPR Crist))))
(BEP is)
(ADJP-PRD (QR moore) (ADJ strong)
(IP-INF (FOR for)
(TO to)
(VB bynde))
(PP (P than)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N synne))
(BEP is)
(ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR *T*-1)
(ADJ strong)
(IP-INF (FOR for)
(TO to)
(VB bynde))))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMCTPARS-M3,327.C2.1673))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ ouwer) (N saule))
(VBP secli)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV sone)
(PP (P se)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
(BEP is)
(RP vte))))))
(ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.41.368))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV +Ta))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV sone)
(PP (P swa)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVD h+afde)
(NP-OB1 (N wind))))))
(PUNC ,)
(ADVP (ADV swa))
(VBD ferde)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(PP (RP ofer) (LB |) (P into)
(NP (NPR Normandie)))
(PUNC ;))
(ID CMPETERB-M1,44.95))
( (NP (D a)
(ADJP (ADV passynge) (ADJ good))
(N man)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ hys) (N body)))
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-PRD *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (Q fewe))
(BEP bene)
(IP-PPL (VAG lyvynge))))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,44.1454))
( (PP (P til)
(NP (NP (D a) (ADJ febyll) (N man))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (D a) (ADJ fleschly)))
(PUNC ,)
(PP (P als)
(CP-CMP (WNP-2 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-PRD *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(BEP am))))))
(ID CMROLLEP-M24,108.762))
( (NP-OB1 (ADJP (ADV suythe) (ADJ god))
(N pais)
(PP (P sua)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C +dat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV neure))
(BED was)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV here)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMPETERB-M1,59.623))
Full correlative comparatives are treated differently than their
counterparts with
elision (THE MORE YOU SAVE, THE BETTER; THE MORE, THE MERRIER; EVER
LONGER, THE WORSE), which are treated
as adverbial NPs (NP-ADV).
Initial NPs in a full correlative comparative are tagged
NP-ADT.
Initial ADJPs in a full correlative comparative are labeled
ADJP-SPR.
In other cases, the corresponding constituents in a correlative
comparative construction are also not treated as a pair
of left-dislocated (-LFD)
and resumptive (-RSP)
constituents.
( (IP-MAT (NP-ADT (QP (D the) (QR more))
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO you))
(VBP spend))))
(NP-OB1 (QP (D the) (QR more)))
(NP-SBJ (PRO you))
(VBP save)
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ For)
(PP (P when)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NS men))
(HVP hase)
(VBN feled)
(NP-OB1 (Q oght)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +tat) (N savoure)))))))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-ADT (QP (D +te) (QR mare))
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tai))
(HVP have))))
(NP-OB1 (QP (D +te) (QR mare)))
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tai))
(VBP covayte)
(PUNC ;))
(ID CMROLLEP-M24,114.899))
( (IP-MAT (NP-ADT (QP (D +Te) (QR mare))
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVP hauis)
(PP (P in)
(NP (N pouste))))))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-OB1 (QP (D +te) (QR mare))
(CP-EOP *ICH*-2))
(HVP hauis)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(CP-EOP-2 (WNP-3 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-3)
(TO at)
(VB yelde)))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMBENRUL-M3,6.192))
( (IP-SUB (NP-ADT (QP (ADVR zuo) (Q moche))
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (BEP is)
(ADJP-PRD (NP *T*-1)
(ADJ wor+t))
(NP-SBJ (D +te) (N man)))))
(PUNC /)
(NP-2 (QP (ADVR zuo) (Q moche)))
(BEP bye+t)
(ADJP-PRD (NP *ICH*-2)
(ADJ wor+t))
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (NS workes)))
(ID CMAYENBI-M2,91.1772))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-ADT (QP (D +te) (QR mor))
(N schame)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP suffyr)))
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(NX (N despite))))
(PUNC ,)
(ADJP-PRD (D +te) (ADJR meryar))
(MD may)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(BE ben)
(PP (P in)
(NP (PRO$ owr) (NPR Lord)
(NP-PRN (NPR Ihesu) (NPR Crist))))
(PUNC .)
(PUNC "))
(ID CMKEMPE-M4,135.3157))
( (IP-MAT (ADJP-SPR (D the) (ADJR bigger)
(CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(VBP get))))
(NP-OB1 (QP (D the) (QR more)))
(NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(VBP eat)
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(ADJP-SPR (QP (ADV ay) (D the) (QR moore))
(ADJ strong)
(CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N flessh))
(BEP is))))
(PUNC ,)
(ADJP-PRD (D the) (ADJR sorier))
(MD may)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N soule))
(BE be)
(PUNC .))
(ID CMCTPARS-M3,302.C1.556))
( (IP-IMP-SPE (ADJP-SPR (D +Te) (ADJR grettyr)
(CP-CMP (WADJP-2 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
(BEP be))))
(PUNC ,)
(ADJP-3 (D +te) (ADJR meker))
(VBI make)
(IP-SMC (ADJP-PRD *ICH*-3)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +te)))
(PP (P yn)
(NP (Q all) (N +tyng))))
(ID CMMIRK-M34,58.1600))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
(PUNC ,)
(PP-PRN (P as)
(CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ same) (NPR Senec))
(VBP seith))))
(PUNC ,)
(PUNC ')
(ADJP-SPR (ADJP (QP (D The) (QR moore))
(ADJ cleer))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ADJP (QP (D the) (QR moore))
(ADJ shynyng)))
(CP-CMP (WADJP-2 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (N Fortune))
(BEP is))))
(PUNC ,)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJP (QP (D the) (QR moore))
(ADJ brotil))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ADJP (ADVP (D the) (ADVR sonner))
(ADJ broken))))
(NP-SBJ (PRO she))
(BEP is)
(PUNC .)
(PUNC '))
(ID CMCTMELI-M3,230.C1.510))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP (D the) (ADVR better) ← no -LFD
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP know)
(NP-OB1 (PRO them)))))
(PUNC ,)
(ADVP (D the) (ADVR better)) ← no -RSP
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP like)
(NP-OB1 (PRO them))
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP (D the) (ADVR better)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP know)
(NP-OB1 (PRO them)))))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-MSR (QP (D the) (QR more)))
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP appreciate)
(NP-OB1 (PRO them))
(PUNC .)))
(RIGHT / SO / LIKE / EVER)
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(PP (P as) ← no -LFD
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (NPR Arthur))
(VBD sped)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV afore)))))
(ADVP (ADV so)) ← no -RSP
(DOD dyd)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(PP (P at)
(NP (NPR Eester)))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,10.294))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
(PP (ADV alswa)
(P as)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (Q euch) (N +ting))
(HVD hefde)
(NP-OB1 (N biginnunge))
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N godlec)))))))
(PUNC ;)
(ADVP (ADV alswa))
(MD schulden)
(NP-SBJ (Q alle))
(HV habben)
(NP-OB1 (N endunge))
(PUNC .)
(PP (P +gef)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(NP-OB1 (D +tt))
(VBD walde))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMKATHE-M1,22.57))
( (IP-MAT (PP (ADV Riht)
(P alswo)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (D +de) (N lichame))
(NP-OB1 (Q none) (N strenc+te))
(NEG ne)
(MD mai)
(HV habben)
(PP (P wi+d-uten)
(NP (NS bonen))))))
(PUNC ,)
(ADVP (Q al) (ADV swo))
(NEG ne)
(MD mai)
(NP-SBJ (NP (PRO ic))
(CONJP (CONJ ne)
(NP (Q non) (N saule))))
(NP-OB1 (N $streng+te) (CONJ ne) (N mihte))
(HV habben)
(PP (P wi+d-uten)
(NP (D +dese) (ADJ hali) (NS mihten)))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMVICES1-M1,93.1099))
( (IP-MAT (NP-MSR (D +de)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(NP-MSR (NP-MSR *T*-1)
(QR more))
(BEP is)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ swaint))
(PP (P mid)
(NP (NP (NS deules))
(PUNC ,)
(CONJP (NP (NS fondinges)
(PP (PP (P of)
(NP (NPR dieule)))
(CONJP (CONJ o+der)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N manne))))))))))))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-2 (D +de))
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR *ICH*-2)
(ADJR strengere)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ADJX (ADJR betere))))
(BEP is)
(PP (P on)
(NP (ADJ gode) (NS werkes)))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMVICES1-M1,29.329))
( (IP-MAT (PP (P Gif)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +du))
(NP-OB1 (D +dis) (N liht))
(MD miht)
(VB isien))))
(PUNC ,)
(ADVP (ADV full) (ADV +gewiss))
(NP-MSR (D +de)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +du))
(ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR *T*-1)
(ADJR hei+ger))
(BEP art))))
(PUNC ,)
(ADVP (NP-MSR (D +te))
(ADVR warliker))
(NP-SBJ *pro*)
(NP-OB1 (PRO +de) (N seluen))
(MD wilt)
(VB ne+derin)
(PUNC .))
(ID CMVICES1-M1,49.553))
The Lambeth Homilies have one comparative with THES, a genitive of extent, as the head of the comparison.
( (IP-MAT-1 (CONJ ah)
(NP-MSR (D +tes)
(CP-CMP (WNP-2 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(HVD heoueden)
(NP-OB1 (QP (NP-MSR *T*-2)
(QR mare))
(N wele))
(PP (P on)
(NP (D +tisse) (N liue))))))
(PUNC .)
(NP-3 (D +tes))
(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(MD ahte)
(TO to)
(BE beon)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJP (NP-MSR *ICH*-3)
(D +te) (ADJR edmoddre))
(PUNC .)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ADJP (QP (NP-MSR *ICH*-3)
(D +ta) (QR mare))
(ADJ imete))))
(PP (Q al)
(P swa)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(NP-PRD (PRO$ ure) (N wele))
(NEG n@)
(BED @ere)))))
(ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,5.43))
Direct and indirect questions are differentiated by clause label
(CP-QUE-MAT vs. CP-QUE-SUB). Questions contain
a C position depending on whether they exhibit subject-verb
inversion (see Verb movement to C).
Direct questions generally exhibit inversion (with some
exceptions) and do not
contain a C position. Conversely, indirect questions generally
do not exhibit inversion (again with some exceptions, especially when
the verb is main verb BE), and they do contain a C position.
In some texts, IF or WHETHER introduces direct questions, which
exhibit variable inversion. As usual, questions without inversion
contain a C position, and ones with inversion do not.
Indirect questions usually occur as complements, but occasionally as
complete tokens, usually in the context of headings.
Sluiced indirect questions occur in various constructions, including
Andrews amalgams and
NO MATTER WHAT.
When indirect questions occur in apposition to a demonstrative or
other NP, they carry the extended tag -PRN. If extraposed,
they (like extraposed
parenthetical THAT clauses) are
coindexed with an *ICH* trace in order
to distinguish them from verbal complements.
Originally, WHETHER meant WHICH OF TWO, and it still occasionally occurs
with that meaning in early texts. In that case, WHETHER is tagged
WPRO and contained in a WNP.
Ordinary modern WHETHER is labeled WQ with no containing
phrasal tag and no associated trace. The annotation always includes a
complementizer position, as it is sometimes filled.
Direct question (CP-QUE-MAT)
Direct questions (both wh- and YES/NO questions) are usually matrix
clauses, but can appear as the complement of verbs
in direct speech contexts.
Direct wh- question
( (CP-QUE-MAT (WNP-1 (WPRO What))
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(DOD did)
(NP-SBJ (PRO you))
(VB find))
(PUNC ?)))
( (CP-QUE-MAT (WADVP-1 (WADV Where))
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
(BEP are)
(NP-SBJ (PRO you)))
(PUNC ?)))
( (CP-QUE-MAT (WADVP-1 (WADV Why))
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(BEP are)
(NP-SBJ (PRO you))
(DAG doing)
(NP-OB1 (D that)))
(PUNC ?)))
( (IP-MAT (PUNC ')
(CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (WNP-1 (WPRO What))
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(MD will)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(DO do)))
(PUNC ?)
(PUNC ')
(VBD said)
(NP-SBJ (NPR Merlyn))
(PP (P to)
(NP (D the) (NS kynges)))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,13.384))
( (IP-MAT (PUNC ')
(CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV Where))
(IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
(BEP is)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))))
(PUNC ?)
(PUNC ')
(VBD said)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N kyng))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,3.65))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Than))
(VBD seyde)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ olde) (N man))
(PUNC ,)
(PUNC ')
(CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV Why))
(IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
(BEP ar)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(ADJP-PRD (ADVR so) (ADJ sad))))
(PUNC ?)
(PUNC '))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,34.1100))
YES/NO question
( (CP-QUE-MAT (IP-SUB (DOD Did)
(NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(VB answer)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ your) (N question)))
(PUNC ?)))
( (IP-MAT (PUNC ')
(CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (VBD Found)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(NP-OB1 (Q ony) (NS knyghtes))
(PP (P about)
(NP (D this) (N swerd)))))
(PUNC ?)
(PUNC ')
(VBD seid)
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Ector))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,9.248))
( (CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
(NP-VOC (N Sir))
(PUNC ,)
(PUNC ')
(IP-MAT-PRN (VBD said)
(NP-SBJ (NPR Ector))
(PP (P unto)
(NP (NPR Arthur))))
(PUNC ,)
(PUNC ')
(IP-SUB-SPE (MD woll)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(BE be)
(NP-PRD (PRO$ my)
(ADJP (ADJ good) (CONJ and) (ADJ gracious))
(N lord))
(PP (P when)
(CP-ADV-SPE (C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(BEP are)
(NP-PRD (N kyng))))))
(PUNC ?)
(PUNC '))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,9.272))
Direct IF/WHETHER question
( (IP-MAT (PP (ADV+P Therfor))
(NP-SBJ (NS disciplis))
(VBD seiden)
(ADVP (ADV togidir))
(PUNC ,)
(CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (WQ Whether)
(C 0) ← no inversion, with C
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (Q ony) (N man))
(HVP hath)
(VBN brou+gt)
(NP-OB2 (PRO him))
(NP-OB1 (N mete)
(CP-EOP-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB ete))))))
(PUNC ?))
(ID CMNTEST-M3,IV,20.309))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV sythen))
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD seyd)
(PUNC ,)
(PUNC ")
(CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (WQ Whe+tyr)
(IP-SUB-SPE (HVP haue) ← with inversion, no C
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBN synned)
(PP (PP (P wyth)
(NP (NS wyfes)))
(CONJP (CONJ er)
(PP (P wyth)
(NP (ADJ sengyl) (NS women)))))))
(PUNC ?)
(PUNC "))
(ID CMKEMPE-M4,27.579))
Second conjunct
Although syntactically integrated by conjunction, second conjuncts of
direct questions often do not form part of what is asked and so do not
exhibit inversion.
( (CP-QUE-MAT (WADVP-1 (WADV Hou))
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(MD moun)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +ge)
(CP-REL *ICH*-2))
(VB bileue)
(PUNC ,)
(CP-REL-2 (WNP-3 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
(VBP resseyuen)
(NP-OB1 (N glorie))
(NP-ADV (NP (Q ech))
(PP (P of)
(NP (OTHER othere)))))))
(PUNC ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
(VBP seken)
(NEG not)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N glorie)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(BEP is)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR God)
(ADJP (ADJ aloone))))))))))
(PUNC ?))
(ID CMNTEST-M3,V,40.445))
( (CP-QUE-MAT (WQ Whether)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR Moises))
(VBD +gaf)
(NEG not)
(PP (P to)
(NP (PRO +gou)))
(NP-OB1 (D a) (N lawe)))
(PUNC ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q noon)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO +gou))))
(DOP doith)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N lawe)))))
(PUNC ?))
(ID CMNTEST-M3,VII,1.617))
Indirect question (CP-QUE-SUB)
In cases that are ambiguous between an analysis as an indirect question
(CP-QUE-SUB) or a free relative (CP-FRL), the default
is CP-QUE-SUB if the licensing head is compatible with a clause
introduced by WHY or WHETHER.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
(VBD asked)
(CP-QUE-SUB (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO you))
(VBD found)))
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
(VBD wondered)
(CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV where))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO you))
(BED were)))
(PUNC ?)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
(VBP know)
(CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV why))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO you))
(BEP are)
(DAG doing)
(NP-OB1 (D that))))
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-IMP (PUNC ')
(VBI Aske)
(CP-QUE-SUB (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(VBP woll))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,48.1599))
( (IP-IMP (CONJ and)
(VBI telle)
(NP-OB2 (PRO hem))
(CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(HVP have)
(VBN spedde)))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,49.1638))
( (IP-INF-PRP (TO to)
(VB bryng)
(NP-OB1 (Q no) (N tydyng)
(CP-QUE-SUB (WADJP-1 (WADV howe) (ADJ ny))
(C that)
(IP-SUB (ADJP-LOC *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N Quene))
(BED was)))))
(ID CMGREGOR-M4,213.1957))
Sluicing
The term "sluicing" refers to the elision of the entire IP-SUB
part of an indirect question. Our annotation includes only the wh-
phrase and the CP-QUE-SUB immediately dominating it. The elided
IP-SUB is completely omitted, as is the silent complementizer.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(HVP have)
(VBN forgotten)
(CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP (WADV how)))
(PUNC .)))
Parenthetical indirect question (CP-QUE-SUB-PRN)
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (ADJ laste) (N thyng)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (NS men))
(MD shal)
(VB understonde)
(PP (P in)
(NP (N contricioun))))))
(BEP is)
(NP-OB1 (D this)
(PUNC :)
(CP-QUE-SUB-PRN (WPP-2 (WADV+P wherof))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
(VBP avayleth)
(NP-SBJ (N contricioun)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMCTPARS-M3,296.C1a.333))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ but)
(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(VBP knowen)
(NEG not)
(NP-OB1 (D this)
(PUNC ,)
(CP-QUE-SUB-PRN (WPP-1 (P of)
(WNP (WPRO whennus)))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BEP is))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMNTEST-M3,IX,20.924))
Indirect IF question
When IF heads indirect questions without inversion, a complementizer
position is always included, as it is sometimes filled.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV then))
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N prynce))
(VBD askyd)
(NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
(CP-QUE-SUB (WQ yf)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD wolde)
(VB for-sake)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ hys) (N heresy)))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-SUB=1 (VB be-leve)
(PP (P on)
(NP (D the) (N faythe)
(PP (P of)
(NP (Q alle) (ADJ Hooly) (NPR Chyrche)))))))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMGREGOR-M4,106.228))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (PRO sche))
(VBD asked)
(NP-OB2 (PRO him))
(CP-QUE-SUB (WQ +gif)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BED were)
(NP-PRD (D a) (N knyght)))))
(ID CMMANDEV-M3,15.331))
Indirect WHETHER question
See also
Adverbial WHETHER
question, Direct IF/WHETHER
question, and WHETHER free
relative.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ Ne)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV neauer))
(NEG n@)
(VBP @uten)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +teos) (NUM twa)))
(PUNC ;)
(CP-QUE-SUB (WNP-1 (WPRO hwe+der)) ← = WHICH OF TWO
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NP-OB2 (PRO ham))
(VBP +tunche+d)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJR wurse))
(PUNC .)
(PP (P for)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q ei+der))
(BEP is)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ un+tolelich)))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMSAWLES-M1,172.82))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD asked)
(NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
(CP-QUE-SUB (WQ whethir)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BEP were)
(ADJP-PRD (ADV sore) (ADJ wounded)))
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(IP-SUB=1 (NEG none)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,639.3936))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD may)
(VB chose)
(CP-QUE-SUB (WQ whether)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD woll)
(VB (VB dye) (CONJ other) (VB lyve))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,197.3040))
Adverbial WHETHER question (CP-QUE-SUB-ADV)
WHETHER questions with adverbial function are
labeled CP-QUE-SUB-ADV.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD shal)
(VB overcome)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hem)
(QP (Q all)))
(PUNC ,)
(CP-QUE-SUB-ADV (WQ whether)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(VBP wille))
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)
(NEG n@)
(VBP @ylle)))))
(PUNC .)
(PUNC '))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,13.372))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO Thou))
(BEP arte)
(PP (P in)
(NP (PRO$ my) (N daungere)))
(PUNC ,)
(CP-QUE-SUB-ADV (WQ whethir)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
(NP-OB2 (PRO me))
(VBP lyste)
(IP-INF-1 (IP-INF (TO to)
(VB save)
(NP-OB1 (PRO the)))
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(IP-INF (TO *)
(VB sle)
(NP-OB1 (PRO the))))))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,40.1309))
Tag question (CP-QUE-TAG)
Tag questions are specially marked with the dash tag -TAG. In
contrast to what is ordinarily the case, existential THERE (EX)
in tag questions has no associate and hence has no index.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 (EX There))
(HVP have)
(BEN been)
(NP=1 (NS riots))
(PP (P in)
(NP (NPR Calabria)))
(PUNC ,)
(CP-QUE-TAG (IP-SUB (HVP have@)
(NEG @n't)
(NP-SBJ (EX there))))
(PUNC ?)))
Exclamation (CP-EXL)
Exclamations are tagged CP-EXL. Their internal syntax is
generally that of questions (either
direct or indirect, depending on the presence of subject-verb
inversion).
( (CP-EXL (WNP-1 (WD what)
(NS Pains)
(IP-INF *ICH*-3))
(IP-SUB (BEP is)
(NP-SBJ (D a) (N Man))
(PP (P at)
(NP *T*-1))
(IP-INF-3 (TO to)
(VB get)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N Truth))
(PP (RP out)
(P of)
(NP (D these) (NS Fellows)))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID LISLE-1685-E3-H,IV,114C2.115))
( (CP-EXL (META (CODE <font>) (NPR Jo.) (CODE <$$font>))
(INTJ O)
(WNP-1 (WD what) (D a) (ADJ happy) (N man))
(IP-SUB (NP-PRD *T*-1)
(MD shall)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(BE be))
(PUNC ,))
(ID PENNY-1686-E3-H,116.19))
( (CP-EXL (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(MD should)
(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(DO do)
(PP (P with)
(NP (SUCH such) (D a) (N house))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID PENNY-1686-E3-H,116.37))
( (CP-EXL (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *pro*)
(VBD Woulde)
(CP-THT (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD might)
(PP (P for)
(NP (PRO$ your) (N sake)))
(PUNC ,)
(VB spende)
(NP-OB1 (NP-MSR (NUM a_thousande) (N pound))
(N land)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID UDALL-1544-E1-H,L.1145.476))
This section covers finite relative clauses. Infinitival relatives are discussed separately. See also Purpose/relative infinitive clauses.
Our annotation does not distinguish restrictive from non-restrictive relative clauses. Both types are contained within the brackets of their antecedent. For relative clauses that are not contained in (or do not leave a trace of extraposition in) the brackets of their antecedents, see Clause-adjoined relative (CP-CAR).
( (NP (D the) (ADJS byggest) (N castell)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0) ← restrictive
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVP hath))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,2.32))
( (NP (D a) (N knyghte)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBP hyghte)
(NP-PRD (NPR syr) (NPR Jordanus)
(PUNC ,)
(NP-PRN (D a) (N knyghte)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NP-POS (D the) (N$ dukes)))))))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,4.81))
( (NP (D the) (N castel)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Terrabyl)))
(PUNC ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 (D the) (WPRO whiche)) ← non-restrictive
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(HVD had)
(NP-OB1 (Q many) (NS yssues)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NX (NS posternes)))
(RP oute)))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,3.36))
( (NP-OB1 (D the) (N mayster) (N fyende)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR helle)))
(PUNC ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO which))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(HVP hath)
(NP-OB1 (N pouste`))
(PP (P over)
(NP (Q all) (OTHER other) (NS devyllis))))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,670.4984))
As usual, both the wh- constituent and the trace indicate the category of the gap, with additional functional information appearing on the trace only. In contrast to the modern standard language, earlier stages of the language allow relative clauses on subject position with both the relative pronoun and the complementizer position empty.
( (NP (Q ony) (N man)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) ← NP gap; function: subject
(MD woll)
(VB sey)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJ contrary)))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,35.1136))
( (NP (D the) (ADJS byggest) (N castell)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1) ← NP gap; function: object
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVP hath))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,2.32))
( (NP (D a) (N tyme)
(CP-REL (WADVP-1 (WADV whan))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1) ← ADVP gap; function: temporal
(NP-SBJ (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
(BED was)
(PP (P at)
(NP (NPR London))))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,45.1483))
( (NP (D the) (N castell)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Carbonek)))
(CP-REL (WADVP-1 (WADV where))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1) ← ADVP gap; function: locative
(NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ Maymed) (N Kyng))
(BEP ys)
(VAG lyyng))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,659.4600))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q every) (N man)
(CP-REL *ICH*-2))
(MD shold)
(VB assay)
(CP-REL-2 (WNP-3 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
(VBD wold)))
(IP-INF (FOR for)
(TO to)
(VB wynne)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N swerd))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,8.206))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (NPR God))
(VBP gyff)
(NP-OB2 (PRO hym)
(CP-REL *ICH*-2))
(NP-OB1 (N joy))
(CP-REL-2 (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NP-OB1 (D this) (N spere))
(VBD made))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,201.3198))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ ne)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD cowde)
(NP-OB1 (Q no) (N thing)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C as)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (N knyghthood))
(VBD axed))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMBRUT3-M3,48.1438))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ Outher)
(NP-SBJ (PRO it))
(BEP is)
(NP-PRD (D th'@) (N @estaat)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N innocence)))
(PUNC ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C as)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(BED was)
(NP-PRD (D th'@) (N @estaat)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR adam))))
(PP (P biforn)
(CP-ADV (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD fil)
(PP (P into)
(NP (N synne))))))))))
(ID CMCTPARS-M3,311.C1.981))
SE is often replaced by +TE in Middle English texts, yielding +TE +TE relatives.
SE +TE relatives are difficult to categorize unambiguously. In Old English, demonstrative pronouns were used as relative pronouns (instead of wh- words), so that relative clauses introduced by demonstratives are at least potentially ambiguous between a reading where the demonstrative is the antecedent of an ordinary relative clause with an empty operator, and a free relative reading where the demonstrative is the relative pronoun.
(NP (D se) ← ordinary relative analysis - type 1
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB ...)))
(NP (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (D se)) ← free relative analysis - type 2
(C +te)
(IP-SUB ...)))
In Old English, it is mostly possible to deduce the structure from the case marking on the demonstrative (Cynthia Allen, 1980, Topics in diachronic English syntax, Garland Press). In type 1, the demonstrative is marked for its role in the matrix clause, while in type 2, it is marked for its role in the subordinate clause. But this criterion would be exceptionally difficult and time-consuming to apply in Middle English, and so we uniformly treat SE +TE relatives as ordinary relatives, even though this is (or may be) the wrong analysis in some cases.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(NP-LFD (D se)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +de)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NP-OB1 (NP (PRO +gew))
(CONJP *ICH*-2))
(VBP forsak+t)
(CONJP-2 (CONJ and)
(NP (PRO$ +gewere) (N lare))))))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO he))
(VBP forsak+t)
(ADVP (ADV+ADV full+gewiss))
(NP-OB1 (PRO me) (N seluen))
(PUNC .)
(PUNC '))
(ID CMVICES1-M1,45.496))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D se)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +de)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NP-OB2 (PRO him))
(VB wissin)
(MD scolde))))
(PUNC ,)
(DOP de+d)
(NP-OB1 (D +do) (ADJ ilke) (NS sennes)))
(ID CMVICES1-M1,127.1568))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
(NP-LFD (D +te)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(BEP bi+d)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ $wis)))))
(NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO he))
(NEG $ne)
(VBP $wur+d)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV $neure))
(CODE {TEXT:neme})
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ modi))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,107.991))
( (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (D +te)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBP nicke+d)
(ADVP (ADV wel)))))
(PUNC .)
(MD Mei)
(BE beon)
(VAN ibore+gen))
(ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.228.3297))
There are a few cases in the early texts with an NP antecedent and a SE +TE relative. In these cases, the demonstrative obviously cannot be the antecedent and so must be treated as a relative pronoun instead.
(NP (D the) (N man)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 (D se))
(C +te / 0)
(IP-SUB ...)))
The two elements in SE +TE relatives are not always both overt, and when only one element intervenes between the antecedent and the IP, it is not always possible to tell whether it occupies the wh- position or C. Our rule in these cases is that a single +TE or THAT occupies C, and that other demonstratives (SE, +TA, +TO, etc.) occupy the wh- position. Cases with +TE or THAT alone but without an antecedent are treated as free relatives.
(NP (D the) (N man)
(CP-REL (WNP 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB ...)))
(NP (D the) (N man)
(CP-REL (WNP (D se))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB ...)))
( (IP-MAT (PP (P Of)
(NP (D +tan)))
(NP-SBJ (PRO heo))
(HVD h+afde)
(NP-OB1 (D an) (OTHER o+dre) (N dohter)
(PUNC ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 (D seo))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(BED w+as)
(ALSO eac)
(VAN gen+amd)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-2)
(NP-PRD (NPR maria)))
(PP (P +after)
(NP (D +t+are) (ADJR +arre) (N dohter)))))
(PUNC ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-3 (D +tas))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (MAN man))
(VBP cleope+d)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
(NP-PRD (NPR Maria) (NPR Cleophe))))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMKENTHO-M1,139.145))
( (IP-IMP (VBI Harke)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV nu))
(NP-OB1 (D +de) (ADJ formeste) (N forbysne)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +de)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(NP-OB2 (N+N mankenn))
(VBD sceawede)))
(CP-REL (WNP-2 (D +das))
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(MD cunnen)
(VB understonden))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMVICES1-M1,49.549))
( (IP-MAT (NP-LFD (D An) (ADJ lytel) (N synne)
(PUNC ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 (D +tone))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (MAN man))
(NP-OB2 (PRO heo))
(HVP h+af+d)
(DON gedon)
(PUNC ,)
(PP (P beo)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N gewittscipe))))))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO heo))
(BEP is)
(NP-PRD (QR mare)
(PP (P +tone)
(NP (Q eall) (NPR middeneard))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMKENTHO-M1,140.170))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
(NP-SBJ (D se)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 (D +te))
(C +tet)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NEG ne)
(MD wolden)
(DO done))))
(VBD forgede)
(NP-OB1 (NP (PRO$ his) (N circe))
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N hus)))
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N ham)))))
(ID CMPETERB-M1,51.292))
Relatives introduced by THERE and containing an optional complementizer (AS, THAT) are treated analogously to SE +TE relatives. THERE is treated as the antecedent unless another antecedent is present, in which case THERE occupies the wh- position and is labeled ADV.
(ADVP-LOC (ADV there)
(CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
(C as / that)
(IP-SUB ...)))
(ADVP-LOC (ADV there)
(CP-REL (WADVP-1 (ADV there))
(C as / that / 0)
(IP-SUB ...)))
(NP (D the) (N place)
(CP-REL (WADVP-1 (ADV there))
(C as / that / 0)
(IP-SUB ...)))
( (IP-IMP (CONJ And) (ADVP-TMP (ADV +tanne)) (PP (P wit) (NP (Q alle) (N reuerence))) (VBI beklep) (NP-OB1 (Q sum) (N party) (PP (P of) (NP (D+ADJ +tilke) (ADJ swete) (N stalle) (CP-REL (WADVP-1 (ADV +ter)) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ +ty) (ADJ +gunge) (N husbonde)) (VBP ly+t) (PP (P in) (ADVP *T*-1))))))) (PUNC ,)) (ID CMAELR3-M23,40.420)) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N munt) (PP (P of) (NP (NPR caluarie))) (CP-REL (WADVP-1 (ADV +ter)) (C 0) (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO$ ure) (NPR lauerd)) (VBD hongede)))) (PUNC .) (BED wes) (NP-PRD (D +te) (N kwalm) (N stouwe) (CP-REL (WADVP-2 (ADV +ter)) (C 0) (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2) (VBD lei+gen) (ADVP-TMP (ADV ofte)) (NP-SBJ (NS licomes) (RRC (VAN iroted))) (PP (P buuen) (NP (N eor+de)))) (CONJP (CONJ &) (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2) (NP-SBJ *con*) (VBD stunke) (ADVP (ADV swi+de) (ADV fule))))))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.84.1017)) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO he) (CP-REL (WNP-1 0) (C +tet) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) (HVP haue+d) (NP-OB1 (D +tet) (N+N hors-hus) (CP-EOP (WNP-2 0) (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2) (TO te) (VB witene))))))) (PUNC ;) (MD scal) (ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter) (PUNC .) (CP-REL (WADVP-3 (ADV +ter)) (C 0) (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-3) (NP-SBJ (PRO hit)) (BEP is) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ ful))))) (PUNC ;) (VB makien) (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hit)) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ clene))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMLAMB1-M1,85.212)) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and) (NP-SBJ *con*) (VBD bare) (NP-OB1 (PRO it)) (PP (P to) (NP (NPR Vortiger))) (ADVP-LOC (ADV +tere) (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0) (C +tat) (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (VBD duellede)))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMBRUT3-M3,48.1453)) ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter) (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0) (C as) (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (D +tis) (N water)) (BEP is)))) (PUNC .) (ADVP (ADV sikerliche)) (NP-SBJ (D +te) (NPR feont)) (VBP fli+d) (PP (P leoste) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (BEP beo) (VAN for_schalded)))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.180.2534)) ( (IP-INF (TO to) (BE be) (ADVP-LOC (ADV there@) (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0) (C @as) (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (D the) (NPR Sankgreall)) (BED was))))) (ID CMMALORY-M4,660.4639)) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and) (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N sonne) (N beem)) (VBD bare) (NP-OB1 (PRO it)) (NP-MSR (ADJ longe) (N tyme)) (PUNC ,) (ADVP-LOC (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 (ADV +tere)) (C 0) (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (OTHER o+tere) (NS servauntes)) (VBD faillede)))) (PUNC ;)) (ID CMPOLYCH-M3,VI,181.1300))
Reduced relatives ("wh+is" deletion) are labeled RRC. They can be restrictive or non-restrictive, but almost always immediately follow their antecedent. RRCs contain no operator or gap of their own. They may, however, contain a small clause with a subject gap; in this case, a placeholder is added for the subject (which in a full relative clause would contain the trace of the wh- word) in order to clarify the structure. The predicate of a reduced relative is ordinarily a present or past participle, but non-verbal predicates are also possible.
( (NP (D a) (N fygure)
(RRC (VAG stondynge)
(PP (P aboven)
(NP (PRO them)))
(PP (P with)
(NP (D a) (N swerde)
(RRC (VAN drawyn)
(PP (P in)
(NP (PRO$ hys) (N honde))))))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,59.1953))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ For)
(NP-SBJ (D a) (N candyll)
(RRC (VAG brennyng)))
(VBP bytokenyth)
(NP-OB1 (NP (PRO$ oure) (NPR lady))
(PUNC ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (PRO$ hor) (N sonne)))
(PUNC ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (D a) (N man)
(NP-PRN (PRO+N hymselfe)))))
(PUNC ;))
(ID CMMIRK-M34,60.1636))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BED was)
(NP-PRD (D a) (ADJ good) (N man)
(RRC (VAN named)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N body)))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,46.1527))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (D this) (ADJ same) (N lady))
(BED was)
(NP-PRD (D the) (ADJS untrwyste) (N lady)
(RRC (VAG lyvynge)))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,49.1623))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(BED were)
(NP-PRD (NS messyngers)
(PP (P unto)
(NP (NPR kyng) (NPR Ban)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NX (NPR Bors)))))
(RRC (VAN isente)
(PP (P frome)
(NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,15.459))
( (NP (D the) (N castell)
(RRC (VAN called)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *) ← small clause with empty subject
(NP-PRD (NPR Camelot)))
(PP (P in)
(NP (D tho) (NS dayes)))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,45.1488))
( (NP (D +te) (N contre)
(RRC (RP about)) ← RRC because predicate = RP
(PUNC ,)
(ID CMBRUT3-M3,226.4095))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tei))
(VBP make)
(NP-OB1 (Q ony) (N gadering))
(PP (P in)
(NP (N coumfort)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Richard)
(PUNC ,)
(RRC (NP-TMP (Q+N sumtyme)) ← RRC because NP-TMP and NP-PRD need to form a constituent
(NP-PRD (N kyng))))))))
(ID CMCAPCHR-M4,215.3858))
( (IP-PPL (VAG sitting)
(PP (P in)
(NP (D a) (N tunne)
(RRC (ADVP-TMP (ADV euyr)) ← RRC because ADVP and ADJP need to form a constituent
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ open)
(PP (P to)
(NP (D +te) (N sunne))))))))
(ID CMCAPCHR-M4,41.292))
As already mentioned, reduced relatives are not always easy to distinguish from participial clauses (IP-PPL). We apply the following rules:
( (IP-SUB (PP *T*-2) (NP-SBJ (D an) (N angel)) (PUNC ,) (IP-PPL (VAG entryngge) ← IP-PPL, not RRC (PP (P in-to) (NP (N prysoun)))) (PUNC ,) (VBD turnede) (NP-OB1 (N derknesse)) (PP (P in-to) (NP (N li+gt)))) (ID CMAELR3-M23,28.74))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we)) (VBD admired) (NP-OB1 (D the) (NS children) (RRC (VAG dancing))))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we)) (VBD admired) (NP-OB1 (D the) (N pendulum) (RRC (VAG swinging))))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we)) (VBD saw) ← SEE = inherent ECM verb (IP-PPL-OB1 (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS children)) (VAG dancing)))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we)) (VBD saw) ← SEE = inherent ECM verb (IP-PPL-OB1 (NP-SBJ (D the) (N pendulum)) (VAG swinging)))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we)) (VBD perceived) (NP-OB1 (D the) (NS children)) ← treated as object control because referent is animate (IP-PPL (VAG dancing)))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we)) (VBD perceived) (IP-PPL-OB1 (NP-SBJ (D the) (N pendulum)) ← treated as ECM because referent is inanimate (VAG swinging)))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ=1 (EX there)) (BED was) (NP-1 (D a) (N pendulum)) ← analogous to A PENDULUM WAS HANGING FROM THE CEILING (VAG hanging) (PP (P from) (NP (D the) (N ceiling)))))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (BED were) (VAN found) (IP-PPL (VAG hanging) (PP (P from) (NP (D the) (N rafters)))) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO she)) (VBD sent) (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ private) (N message) (RRC *ICH*-1)) (PP (P to) (NP (PRO$ her) (N Mama))) (RRC-1 (VAG implying) (NP-OB1 (QP (ADVR as) (Q much)))) (PUNC -) (PUNC ')) (ID AUSTEN-180X-1,161.40))
The following types of relative clauses are treated as clause-adjoined, attaching as daughters of IP or of RRC. In legal texts, notably statutes, clause-adjoined relatives are sometimes split off as separate sentence tokens (though still labeled CP-CAR) in order to keep sentence tokens from becoming outlandishly long.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and) (NP-SBJ *con*) (VBD gaff) (NP-OB1 (PRO hym)) (NP-OB2 (NPR kynge) (NPR Lotte)) (PUNC ,) (CP-CAR (WPP-1 (WADV+P whereof)) (C 0) (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (VBD seyde) (QTP (INTJ gramercy)))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMMALORY-M4,21.663))
( (IP-MAT ...
(NP (D a) (N foundation))
(CP-CAR (WPP-1 (P without)
(WNP (WD which) (N foundation))) ← CP-CAR because of wh- modified noun
(IP-SUB ...))
...))
( (IP-MAT ...
(NP (D a) (N foundation)
(CP-REL (WPP-1 (P without)
(WNP (WPRO which))) ← CP-REL because of wh- pronoun
(IP-SUB ...)))
...))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +Tis) (N vertu) (PP (P of) (NP (N meknesse)))) (BEP is) (NP-PRD (D a) (ADJ sur) (N fundement) (PP (P of) (NP (Q alle) (N maner) (NP-COM (NS vertues))))) (PUNC ,) (CP-CAR (WPP-1 (P whit-oute) (WNP (WD which) (N fundement))) (C 0) (PUNC ,) (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1) (NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-2 (WPRO what) (ADV so) (ADV euere)) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2) (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu)) (MD wylt) (ADVP (ADV gostly)) (VB reyse) (RP vp)))) (PUNC ,) (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO hit)) (VBP falle+t) (RP doun))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMAELR3-M23,32.181)) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and) (PP (ADV+P therfore)) (BEP is) (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO he)) (VAN clepid) (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1) (NP-PRD (FW solsticium) (PP (P of) (NP (N somer))))) (PUNC ;) (CP-CAR (WNP-2 (WD which) (N declinacioun)) (C 0) (PUNC ,) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2) (PP (P after) (NP (NPR Ptholome))) (PUNC ,) (BEP is) (NP-PRD (NP (NUM 23) (NS degrees)) (CONJP (CONJ and) (NP (NUM 50) (NS minutes)))) (PP (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV wel) (PP *ICH*-3)) (PP (P in) (NP (NPR Cancer))) (PP-3 (P as) (PP (P in) (NP (NPR Capricorn))))))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMASTRO-M3,666.C2.107))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And) (ADVP-TMP (ADV thenne)) (BED was) (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (VAN enterid) (PP (P as) (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1) (NP-SBJ *exp*) (VBD longed) (PP (P to) (NP (D a) (N kyng)))))) (PUNC ,) (CP-CAR (WPP-2 (WADV+P wherfor)) (C 0) (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-3 (PP *T*-2) (NP-SBJ (D the) (N quene) (PUNC ,) (NP-PRN (ADJ fayre) (NPR Igrayne))) (PUNC ,) (VBD made) (NP-ACC (ADJ grete) (N sorowe))) (CONJP (CONJ and) (IP-SUB=3 (NP-SBJ (Q alle) (D the) (NS barons)))))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMMALORY-M4,7.181))
( (IP-MAT A farmer said to his son, "I bequeath to you my Jersey cow.)) ( (IP-IMP-SPE Be sure to take good care of her.")) ( (CP-CAR To whom the son replied, "Father, I will do my best."))
When the wh- phrase introducing the clause-adjoined relative has no clear relation to the body of the clause, its trace is labeled NP-ADT.
( (CP-CAR (WNP-1 (D the) (WPRO which)) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-ADT *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP marvell) (ADVP (ADV greatly)) (CP-THT (C that) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (HVP have) (NP-OB1 (Q no) (N word)) (PP (P from) (NP (PRO you))))))) (ID APLUMPT-1503-E1-H,186.92)) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but) (NP-SBJ (PRO we)) (VBP judge) (CP-THT (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ there) (N designe)) (BEP is) (IP-INF-PRD (TO to) (VB ingage) (NP-OB1 (PRO us)) (PP (P amongst) (NP (D the) (NS sands)))))) (PUNC ,) (CP-CAR (WNP-1 (WPRO w=ch=)) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-ADT *T*-1) (ADVP (ADV posibly)) (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (MD may) (BE be) (VAN deceaved) (PP (P in) (NP (PRO$ there) (N expectation))))) (PUNC .)) (ID RHADDSR-1673-E3-P2,11.35))
For cases that are ambiguous between an analysis as a free relative or an indirect question, see Indirect question.
Free relative clauses are exocentric structures,
like amalgams. Internally, they are
treated in the same way as indirect questions or ordinary relative
clauses. A wh- position and a complementizer position are included in
every case. The wh- position may be filled by a wh- word or (in Middle
English) a th- word. Externally, free relatives are bracketed and
labeled by function as subjects, objects, complements of prepositions,
adverb phrases, etc. The basic category enclosing the free relative is
generally identical with the gap in the free relative, but the dash tags
on the two categories may differ. This is particularly common with free
relative clauses containing WNP. Internally, the WNP
is generally coindexed with an argument trace, but externally, the
entire free relative often has a non-argument function
(NP-ADT,
NP-ADV,
NP-LFD).
It is possible for a preposition to do double duty in the sense that
it governs the wh- phrase within the free relative, but also forms part
of the matrix clause. Such cases are not to be confused with the
ordinary case of a preposition taking a free relative as a complement,
as illustrated above. Prepositions doing such double duty are included
within the free relative.
Wh- free relative
( (IP-MAT (PP (P From)
(NP (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(VBP says)))))
(NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(BEP are)
(DAG doing)
(ADVP (ADV well))
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
(PP (P Be)
(NP (PRO$ my) (N feyth)))
(PUNC ,)
(PUNC ')
(IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
(NP-SBJ (NPR Arthure)))
(PUNC ,)
(PUNC ')
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD woll)
(VB gyff)
(NP-OB2 (PRO you))
(NP-OB1 (CP-FRL-SPE (WNP-1 (WD what) (N gyffte))
(C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD woll)
(VB aske))))
(PUNC .)
(PUNC '))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,42.1380))
( (IP-MAT (ADJP-PRD (ADJ Iblessyd))
(BEP is)
(NP-SBJ (D +tat) (N man))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-ADV (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO what) (ADV euere))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-PRD *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BEP bee))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMAELR3-M23,45.587))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO who))
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBP holdeth)
(PP (P ageynst)
(NP (PRO it))))))
(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(MD wille)
(VB slee)
(NP-OB1-RSP (PRO hym))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,11.306))
( (IP-MAT (NP-VOC (ADJ faire) (NS sires))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-SBJ (PRO y))
(MD wil)
(VB go)
(PP (P wi+t)
(NP (PRO +tow)))
(ADVP-DIR (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 (WADV+ADV+ADV whider-so-euer))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-DIR *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
(NP-OB1 (PRO me))
(VBP lede)))))
(ID CMBRUT3-M3,217.3893))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N lorde))
(MD woll)
(VB sle)
(NP-OB1 (PRO me))
(PP (CP-FRL (WPP-2 (P in)
(WNP (WD what) (N place) (ADV+ADV somever)))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBP fyndith)
(NP-OB1 (PRO me))))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,662.4701))
( (IP-IMP (PP (CP-FRL (WPP-1 (P In)
(WNP (WD what) (N dede) (ADV sam)))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(BEP be))))
(PUNC ,)
(VBI loke)
(CP-THT (C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NP (PRO$ yure) (N +toht))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (PRO$ +gure) (N herte))))
(BEP $be)
(PP (P to)
(NP (NPR god)
(ADJP (ADJ almihten))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMBENRUL-M3,14.486))
AS free relative
AS clauses with a nominal gap that act as arguments of the matrix verb
are treated as free relatives with a nominal empty operator and with AS
filling the complementizer position.
( (IP-IMP (DOI doo)
(NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
(C as)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP say))))))
( (IP-IMP (DOI doo)
(NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
(C as)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP tell)
(NP-OB2 (PRO you)))))))
WHETHER free relative
In Middle English, WHETHER in free relatives is often used in its
original meaning WHICH OF TWO, in which case it is tagged WPRO
and dominated by WNP.
( (IP-IMP (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO hwe+der) (ADV se)) ← WHICH OF TWO
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(DOP de+d))))
(PUNC ;)
(VBI scarne+d)
(NP-OB1 (PRO him))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.182.2568))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-OB2 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO hwa+der) ← WHICH OF YOU TWO
(NP-COM (PRO$ +gunker)))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hes))
(VBP tobrec+d))))
(PUNC :)
(NP-SBJ (LATIN (FW justicia) (FW dei)))
(MD scall)
(PP (ADVP (ADV +dar))
(P of))
(DO don)
(NP-OB1 (N riht))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMVICES1-M1,95.1131))
Verb fronting in free relative clause (COME WHAT MAY)
In adverbial free relatives of the type COME WHAT MAY, the fronted verb
precedes the wh- position. Externally, these clauses are labeled
NP-ADV. If the verb is not repeated, it is coindexed with
an *ICH* trace within IP-SUB. If the verb is repeated, it is
labeled as left-dislocated (-LFD) (even though a word rather
than a phrase), and its copy is labeled as resumptive
( (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (VB-1 come)
(WNP-2 (WPRO what))
(IP-SUB (VB *ICH*-1)
(NP-SBJ *T*-2)
(MD may)))))
( (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (VB-LFD come)
(WNP-2 (WPRO what))
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
(MD may)
(VB-RSP come)))))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-OB1 (D +tis))
(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(VBP schawi+d)
(NP-OB2 (PRO +te))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV nu))
(NP-ADV (CP-FRL-SPE (VB-2 sei)
(WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB-SPE (VB *ICH*-2)
(NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO tu))
(MD wult)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV nu)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMKATHE-M1,34.237))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (D +tt))
(VBP stont)
(ADVP (ADV studeuest))
(NP-ADV (CP-FRL-SPE (VBP-LFD falle)
(WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBP-RSP falle))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMJULIA-M1,124.520))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
(BEP am)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV eauer))
(PP (P wi+d)
(NP (PRO +te)))
(PUNC .)
(NP-ADV (CP-FRL-SPE (DOP-LFD do)
(WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (MAN me))
(DOP-RSP do)
(NP-OB2 (PRO +te)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMKATHE-M1,42.376))
Non-wh free relative
+TE/THAT free relative
See also SE +TE relative.
In principle, relatives introduced by +TE or THAT alone are amenable to an analysis as free relatives or as ordinary relatives, depending on whether +TE/THAT is taken as a complementizer or as an antecedent.
(NP (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)) ← free relative analysis
(C +te / that)
(IP-SUB ...)))
(NP (D +te / that) ← ordinary relative analysis
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB ...)))
Because it is difficult or impossible to decide for each case which analysis is correct, we uniformly treat all +TE/THAT relatives without an unambiguous antecedent as free relatives, with +TE/THAT as the complementizer, even though this may be the wrong analysis in some cases.
( (IP-IMP (CONJ and)
(PP (P wit)
(NP (NP (ADJ depe) (NS si+g+gyngges))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (ADJ pytous) (N cryingge)))))
(VBI cacche)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO hym)))
(NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
(VBP coueytest))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMAELR3-M23,43.496))
( (IP-MAT (NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (D +te) (N mu+d))
(NEG ne)
(MD mei)
(VB *)
(PP (P for)
(NP (N scheome))))))
(PUNC .)
(NP-SBJ (D +te) (ADJ licht) (N ech+ge))
(VBP speke+d)
(NP-OB1-RSP (PRO hit)))
(ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.49.460))
( (IP-IMP (CONJ &)
(VBI +tonke)
(NP-OB2 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
(VBD sende)
(NP-OB2 (PRO +te)))))
(ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.102.1243))
Relatives introduced by THERE/THEN alone (without a complementizer) are treated as free relatives with THERE/THEN filling the wh- position. Examples with THERE are far more common than ones with THEN.
(ADVP-LOC/TMP (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 +ter/+tenne)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB ...)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO$ +ti) (N shape))
(DOD dide)
(PUNC .)
(NP-OB1 (NP (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(NEG ne)
(MD sholde)
(VB *))))
(PUNC .)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ADVP-LOC (CP-FRL (WADVP-2 (ADV +ter))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(NEG ne)
(MD sholde)
(VB *)))))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ADVP-TMP (CP-FRL (WADVP-3 (ADV +tenne))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-3)
(NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(NEG ne)
(MD sholde)
(VB *))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMTRINIT-MX1,67.910))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-LOC (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 (ADV +ter))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVD hadde)
(BEN ibe)
(VAG (VAG blaberynge) (CONJ and) (VAG chaterynge)))))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD took)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
(PP (P to)
(NP (N silence)))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMAELR3-M23,32.158))
Two types of amalgams discussed in the syntactic literature are Andrews amalgams, which contain a sluiced indirect question, and Horn amalgams, which contain an elided IT cleft. However, amalgams are not restricted to these two types.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO Ye)) ← Andrews amalgam
(VBP worship)
(NP-OB1 (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(VBP know)
(NEG not)
(CP-QUE-SUB (WNP (WPRO what)))))
(PUNC :))
(ID AUTHNEW-1611-E2-H,4,20J.402))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) ← Andrews amalgam
(DOD did)
(NP-OB1 (PRO it))
(ADVP (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD ca@)
(NEG @n't)
(VB tell)
(NP-OB2 (PRO you))
(CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP (WADV how)))))
(PUNC :)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) ← Horn amalgam
(VBD worshipped)
(NP-OB1 (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP think)
(CP-THT (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
(BED was)
(NP-PRD (D a)
(ADJ golden)
(N calf))))))
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) ← Horn amalgam
(VBD worshipped)
(NP-OB1 (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
(MD must)
(HV have)
(BEN been)
(NP-PRD (D a)
(ADJ golden)
(N calf))))
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We)) ← unclassified type
(VBD ordered)
(NP-OB1 (IP-MAT (NP-1 (D a) (N hoagie))
(NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(VBP call)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
(NP-PRD *T*-1))
(PP (P in)
(NP (NPR Philadelphia)))))
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We)) ← unclassified type
(VBD ordered)
(NP-OB1 (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D a) (N hoagie))
(BEP is)
(NP-PRD (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(VBP call)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
(NP-PRD *T*-1))
(PP (P in)
(NP (NPR Philadelphia))))))))
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO It))
(BEP is)
(NP-PRD (D a) (N hoagie))
(CP-CLF (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(VBD ordered)))
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO it))
(BED was)
(NP-PRD (PRO I)
(NP-PRN (PRO$+N myself)))
(CP-CLF-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBD cam)
(PP (P in)
(NP (D the) (N lykenesse)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,5.131))
( (CP-QUE-MAT (NP-LFD (D The) (N party))
(PUNC ,)
(WADVP-1 (WADV where))
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
(BEP is)
(NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO it)))
(PUNC ?)))
( (CP-QUE-MAT (NP-VOC (NS Ladies) (CONJ and) (ADJ+NS gentlemen))
(PUNC ,)
(ADVP-1 (ADV tomorrow))
(PUNC ,)
(WNP-2 (WPRO whom))
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(ADVP-TMP *ICH*-1)
(MD shall)
(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(VB elect))
(PUNC ?)))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D tes) (ADJ unseli))
(NEG ne)
(MD +turue)
(NEG nawt)
(VB seggen)
(PUNC .)
(CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (NP-LFD (PRO$ +ti) (NPR lauerd)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO tu))
(VBP leuest)
(PP (P on)
(NP *T*-1)))
(PUNC .)
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(MD schulde)
(NP-PRD (PRO$ +ti) (N scheld))
(BE beon))))))
(PUNC .)
(WADVP-2 (WADV hwer))
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
(BEP is)
(NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO he))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV nu+de)))))
(ID CMJULIA-M1,122.464))
( (IP-IMP (VBI loke)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV +tenne))
(PP (ADV+P her-bi))
(PUNC .)
(CP-QUE-SUB (NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO+ADV hwa-se))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ hire) (N mei+dhad)))
(PUNC ;)
(VBP lihte+d)
(PP (P in-to)
(NP (N wedlac))))))
(PUNC ;)
(WPP-2 (P bi)
(WNP (WQP (WADV hu) (Q monie))
(NS degrez)))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO ha))
(VBP falle+d)
(ADVP-DIR (RP+WARD dunewardes))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMHALI-M1,144.244))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD tolde)
(NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
(CP-QUE-SUB (PP-1 (P whyle)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD tarryed)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV there)))))
(WADVP-2 (WADV how))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-2)
(PP *ICH*-1)
(NP-SBJ (NPR Nero))
(BED was)
(VAN (VAN destroyed) (CONJ and) (VAN slayne))
(PP (P with)
(NP (Q all) (PRO$ his) (N oste)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,57.1905))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD (VBD +girnde) (CONJ &) (VBD walde))
(ADVP (ADV +georne))
(CP-THT (PP-2 (P +gef)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR$ godes) (N wil))
(BED were))))
(PUNC ;)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB (PP *ICH*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
(MD moste)
(BE beon)
(NP-PRD (ONE an)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +te) (Q moni) (N+NS moder-bern)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NP-OB1 (QP (ADVR swa) (Q muchel)))
(VBD drohten)
(PP (P for)
(NP (NPR drihtin)))))))))))
(ID CMMARGA-M1,56.22))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
(VBD said)
(CP-THT (ADVP-1 (ADV tomorrow))
(C that)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *ICH*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD will)
(VB fix)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N problem))))
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
(VBD said)
(CP-THT (NP-LFD (D the) (N problem))
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD will)
(VB fix)
(NP-OB1-RSP (PRO it))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV tomorrow))))
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hie))
(VBP make+d)
(CP-THT (NP-LFD (D +danne) (N man)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +de)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB2 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (NPR godd))
(NP-OB1 (PRO his))
(VBD to-sant))))
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO he))
(VBP +turwune+d)
(PP (P on)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N godnesse))))))
(ID CMVICES1-M1,149.1875))
( (CP-ADV (CP-ADV (C +tt)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
(PP (P +turh)
(NP (PRO$ +ti) (N streng+de)))
(MD mahe)
(VB stonden)
(PP (P wi+d)
(NP (PRO him)))))
(PUNC .)
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(CP-ADV (NP-LFD (PRO$ his) (ADJ muchele) (N ouergart))
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
(NP-OB1-RSP (PRO hit))
(MD mote)
(VB afeallen))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMARGA-M1,70.251))
CP recursion is most common with THAT complements, but is also attested in other types of CP, notably in indirect questions and relative clauses.
The higher complementizer must be overt. Otherwise, the token is treated as an instance of movement of a non-wh phrase to Spec(CP), without recursive structure. As in that simpler case, the fronted constituent is either coindexed with an *ICH* trace or treated as left-dislocated (-LFD).
(CP-THT (C that)
(CP-THT (XP-1 ...)
(C that / 0)
(IP-SUB (XP *ICH*-1)
...)))
(CP-THT (C that)
(CP-THT (XP-LFD ...)
(C that / 0)
(IP-SUB ...
(XP-RSP ...))))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
(VBD said)
(CP-THT (C that)
(CP-THT (ADVP-1 (ADV tomorrow))
(C that / 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *ICH*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(MD will)
(VB fix)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N problem)))))
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
(VBD said)
(CP-THT (C that)
(CP-THT (NP-LFD (D the) (N problem))
(C that / 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(MD will)
(VB fix)
(NP-OB1-RSP (PRO it))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV tomorrow)))))
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (NPR sain) (NPR paul))
(VBP sais)
(CP-THT (C +tat)
(CP-THT (NP-LFD (PRO +tai)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(DOP dos)
(NP-OB1 (ADJ wicke) (NS dedis)))))
(PUNC ,)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO tay))
(VBP giue)
(NP-OB1 (PRO+N +tam-selffe))
(PP (P til)
(NP (D +te) (NPR deuil))))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMBENRUL-M3,21.735))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 (EX tare))
(BEP be)
(NP-2 (Q lytil) (N entirual))
(PUNC ,)
(CP-ADV (C +tat)
(CP-ADV (NP-LFD (D ta)
(CP-REL (WNP-3 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
(MD sal)
(VB ga)
(PP (P til)
(NP (NS laburs))))))
(PUNC ,)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO tay))
(MD may)
(HV haue)
(NP-OB1 (D +te) (N morning))
(PP (P in)
(NP (D +te) (N begining)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +te) (N lyth)))))
(PP (P to)
(NP (PRO$ +tair) (N labur)))))))
(ID CMBENRUL-M3,15.546))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV +Ta))
(VBD be+tohte)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(NP-OB2 (PRO him))
(CP-THT (C +tet)
(CP-THT (PP-1 (P gif)
(LB |)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD mihte)
(BE ben)
(ADJP-PRD (N+ADJ rotfest))
(PP (P on)
(NP (NPR Engleland))))))
(C +tet)
(IP-SUB (PP *ICH*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD mihte)
(HV habben)
(NP-OB1 (Q eal) (PRO$ his) (N wille)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMPETERB-M1,49.224))
( (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO us))
(VB considere)
(ALSO also)
(CP-QUE-SUB (WQ if)
(CP-QUE-SUB (NP-LFD (D the) (N conseillung)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO hem)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBD conseilleden)
(NP-OB2 (PRO yow))
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB taken)
(NP-OB1 (ADJ sodeyn)
(N vengeaunce))))))))
(PUNC ,)
(WQ wheither)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO it))
(VBP accorde)
(PP (P to)
(NP (N resoun)))))))
(ID CMCTMELI-M3,228.C2.447))
Infinitives serve as the complements of verbs, nouns, adjectives, and prepositions. Very exceptionally, infinitives also occur as the complement of THAT. When the infinitive clause is an argument of a verb, there is no bracketing to indicate its relation to the governing predicate, given the absence of VP in our system in the general case. The same is true when the infinitive is a complement of a complex predicate. But infinitives that are complements of a noun, adjective, or preposition are bracketed together with the governing head.
Our annotation does not distinguish between raising and control, and subjects of infinitives are ordinarily not indicated, with the following exceptions:
( (IP-MAT (PP (ADV+P Therwithalle))
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Ector))
(VBD assayed)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB pulle)
(RP oute)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N swerd))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,9.257))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ For)
(NP-SBJ (Q many) (D a) (N man))
(VBP wenyth)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB put)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ hys) (N enemy))
(PP (P to)
(NP (D a) (N rebuke))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,51.1693))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tei))
(BED weren)
(VAN warnede)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB amenden)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hem))
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ here) (N lyf)))))
(ID CMWYCSER-M3,225.46))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD asked)
(NP-OB2 (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
(NP-OB1 (N licence)
(IP-INF (IP-INF (TO to)
(VB ryde)
(PP (P afftir)
(NP (NPR Balyne))))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB revenge)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N despite)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVD had)
(DON done))))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,50.1653))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(HVP have)
(NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N wyll)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(BE be)
(VAN slayne)
(PUNC ,)
(PP (P as)
(CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ youre) (N fadir))
(BED was)
(PP (P thorow)
(NP (N outerageousnes)))
(VAN slayne)))))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,658.4553))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Marie))
(NEG ne)
(VBD ran)
(NEG not)
(ADVP-DIR (ADV hyder) (CONJ and) (ADV +tyder))
(PUNC ,)
(ADJP-SPR (ADJ bisy)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB vnderfonge)
(NP-OB1 (NS gystes))))
(PUNC ;))
(ID CMAELR3-M23,36.308))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR Balyn))
(BED was)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ redy)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB departe))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,49.1609))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(ADVP (ADV ellis))
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD wolde)
(HV have)
(BEN bene)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ lothe)
(PP (P as)
(NP (Q ony) (N knyght)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBP lyvith)))))
(IP-INF (FOR for)
(TO to)
(VB sle)
(NP-OB1 (D a) (N lady))))
(PUNC .)
(PUNC '))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,51.1701))
( (IP-INF (TO to)
(VB heare)
(NP-OB1 (Q any)
(N talke)
(PP (P of)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D+OTHER another) (N foole))
(TO to)
(BE be)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV there)))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID ARMIN-1608-E2-H,11.116))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Now))
(NP-SBJ (PRO you))
(MD shall)
(VB hear)
(PP (P of)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (Q some) (NS Stirs))
(TO to)
(BE be)
(VAN raised)
(PP (P in)
(NP (NPR Scotland)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID RALEIGH-1600-E2-H,I,213.C1.351))
( (PP-LFD (P If)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NUM thre) (CONJ or) (NUM foure))
(DOP do)
(VB (VB talke) (PUNC ,) (VB deuise) (PUNC ,) (CONJ and) (VB conspire))
(ADVP (ADV togither))
(PP (P of)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D a) (ADJ trayterous) (N Acte))
(TO to)
(BE be)
(DAN done))))))
(ID THROCKM-1554-E1-H,I,73.C1.535))
( (IP-IMP (NP-VOC (N Suster))
(PUNC ,)
(BEI be)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ glad)
(IP-INF *ICH*-1))
(PP (P wit)
(NP (Q al) (PRO$ +tyn) (N herte)))
(IP-INF-1 (TO to)
(BE be)
(PP (P at)
(NP (D +tis) (N feste))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMAELR3-M23,44.542))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ lothe)
(IP-INF *ICH*-1))
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(BED were)
(IP-INF-1 (TO to)
(VB sle)
(NP-OB1 (PRO the)))
(PUNC .)
(PUNC '))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,200.3149))
A-movement (passivization) out of an infinitive is indicated by an( (IP-PPL (NEG not) (VAG knowing) (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV how)) (IP-INF (ADVP *T*-1) (TO to) (VB amend) (NP-OB1 (D the) (N matter))))) (ID ARMIN-1608-E2-H,10.77)) ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS heralds)) (HVD had) (ADVP-TMP (ADV yet)) (NP-OB1 (D a) (N quarter) (PP (P of) (NP (PRO$ their) (N work))) (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0) (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1) (TO to) (DO do))))) (ID ANHATTON-1693-E3-H,2,212.17))
( (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO w=ch=)) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 *T*-1) (BED was) (VAN reported) (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *-2) (TO to) (BE be) (VAN killed)))) (ID RHADDSR-1673-E3-H,21.51))
Finally, A-bar movement other than wh- movement (topicalization, scrambling, etc.) out of an infinitive is indicated by an *ICH* trace that is coindexed with the moved constituent.
( (IP-MAT (NP-1 (D that) (ADJ very) (N Chub)) (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP mean) (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *ICH*-1) (TO to) (VB put) (PP (P into) (NP (PRO$ your) (NS hands))) (ADVP-TMP (ADV presently))) (PUNC ;)) (ID WALTON-1676-E3-H,215.172))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +Te@) (N @feont))
(NP-1 (PRO hit))
(VBD Makede)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *ICH*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO Me))
(DO don))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.224.3243))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ ach)
(NP-1 (D +tis) (N lont))
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ ure) (NPR lauerd))
(VBD bihat)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *ICH*-1)
(TO to@)
(VB @biteachen)
(PP (P in)
(NP (NPR$ judas) (NS honden))))
(PUNC .)
(PP (P for) (WPRO hwon)
(CP-ADV (C +tt)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBP ga)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV biforen))))))
(ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.221.3208))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
(NP-1 (PRO me))
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
(VBP makest)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *ICH*-1)
(TO to)
(VB steoruen))
(PP (P wi+d)
(NP (D +te) (N streng+de)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ +tine) (NS beoden)
(PUNC .)
(CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
(BEP beo+d)
(ADJP-PRD (NP (PRO +te))
(ADVR se) (ADJ munde))))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMARGA-M1,74.301))
DO, GAR, HAVE, HEAR, HOT(AN), LET, MAKE, SEE
Here, we focus on IP-INF complements; analogous cases where the clause is headed by a present participle (VAG, etc.) rather than an infinitive (VB, etc.) are discussed under Participial clause (IP-PPL).
The inherent ECM verbs are the verbs that (in Middle English) allow
an arbitrary empty subject with an active complement infinitive where
Modern English would use a passive infinitive (I HEAR SAY vs. I HEAR IT
SAID). The infinitival complements of such verbs in the active always
contain a subject position in the annotation, filled either by an
ordinary overt subject, by
|
| DO undergoes a change in the history of English from causative to periphrastic, and so the default treatment of ambiguous cases differs in the PPCME2 and in the later corpora. |
( (IP-MAT (ALSO Also)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(DOD dud)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(VB wryte)
(NP-OB1 (Q all) (D the) (NS batayles)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (Q every) (ADJ worthy) (N knyght)
(PP *ICH*-2))
(DOD ded)
(PP-2 (P of)
(NP (NPR$ Arthurs) (N courte)))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,29.935))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Then))
(NP-SBJ (NPR Seynt) (NPR Andraw))
(VBD made)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(TO to)
(VB gedyr)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hom))
(ADVP (ADV togedyr)))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMIRK-M34,8.197))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D This) (NPR Kyng) (NPR Pandras))
(VBD herde)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(VB speke)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NP (PRO$ his) (N goodnesse))
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(NP (PRO$ his) (NS condicions))))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMBRUT3-M3,6.137))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD het)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV biliue))
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(VB bringin)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hire))
(PP (P biforen)
(NP (PRO him))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMARGA-M1,58.56))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBP lette)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(VB calle)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(NP-PRD (NPR Hubbeslaw))))
(PUNC ;))
(ID CMBRUT3-M3,109.3314))
( (IP-MAT (PP (P Efter)
(NP (D +tt)))
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD wende)
(IP-INF (FOR for@)
(TO @te)
(HV habben)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(DO idon)
(NP-OB1 (Q al)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD wilnede))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMJULIA-M1,98.41))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter))
(NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
(MD schule)
(VB seon)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(VB buncin)
(NP-OB1 (PRO him))
(PP (P wi+d)
(NP (NP-POS (D +teose) (NPR$ deosles))
(NS betles)))
(PUNC .)
(CP-ADV (C +tt)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N wa)
(NP-COM *ICH*-1))
(BEP bi+d)
(NP-OB2 (PRO him))
(NP-1 (PRO$ hise) (N$ liues))))))
(ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.142.1915))
Inherent ECM verbs overwhelmingly take bare infinitive complements, but there are scattered examples with TO infinitive complements for most of them.
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q nane)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +teos))))
(NEG ne)
(VBP makie)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(TO to)
(VB forwurden)
(PUNC .)
(NP-OB1 (N weole))
(ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter)
(CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
(C ase)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (Q muchel))
(BEP is))))))
(ID CMHALI-M1,150.319))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 (N Pine))
(BEP is)
(ADVP-LOC (Q+WADV ihwer))
(DAN idon)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *-1)
(NP-SBJ *arb*)
(TO to)
(VB vnder_stonden)
(PP (P +turch)
(NP (N cros))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,41.362))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD lete)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(NP-OB1 (PRO ham))
(TO to)
(VB norisshe))
(PUNC ;))
(ID CMBRUT3-M3,49.1472))
Non-inherent ECM versus object control. Verbs other than inherent ECM verbs are treated as object control verbs or as ECM licensers depending on the syntactic context. The following list of such verbs is intended to be representative, not exhaustive.
account, accuse, acknowledge, adjudge, affirm, allow, annal, appoint, approve, assert, behold, believe, bid (with a TO infinitive), boast, bring, cause, choose, command, compute, conceive, conclude, confess, conjecture, consider, count, declare, deem (nonlegal; see below for legal sense), denominate, deny, design, desire, determine, discern, discover, doubt, enable, espy, esteem, evince, fable, fancy, fear, feel, feign, find, forbid, form, get, grant, guess, hold, imagine, intend, interpret, judge (nonlegal; see below for legal sense), keep, know, leave, manifest, mean, note, number, observe, order, own, perceive, prefer, pretend, procure, profess, pronounce, prove, provoke, publish, reckon, relate, remember, render, report, represent, repute, say, shape, show, spy, suffer, suppose, suspect, swear, take, think, threaten, understand, view, vote, want, warrant, will, wish
Verbs that are not inherent ECM verbs are treated as licensing an ECM complement if:
Otherwise, such verbs are treated as object control verbs. In their legal senses, CONDEMN, DEEM, and JUDGE are always treated as control predicates. Their negative force seems to require this analysis.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR John))
(VBD persuaded)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N brother))
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB accompany)
(NP-OB1 (PRO him)))
(PUNC .)))
The above guidelines undoubtedly misclassify some cases but have the virtue of being applicable in a reasonably objective way. As is well known, the ECM construction with verbs other than inherent ECM verbs rises sharply in the transition from Middle English to Modern English. Users interested in this development and, more generally, in the distinction between ECM and object control will need to examine the relevant sentences in detail for themselves.
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(VBP bryng)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ=1 (PRO it)) ← expletive subject
(TO to)
(VB passe)
(PUNC ,)
(CP-THT-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N yomanry))
(BEP be)
(NEG not)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ able)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB put)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ their) (NS sonnes))
(PP (P to)
(NP (N schole)))))))))
xx(LATIMER,41L.212))
( (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-2 (WADV where))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(VBP will)
(IP-INF (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ your) ← nonhuman subject
(NS horses))
(TO to)
(VB come)
(PP (P to)
(NP (PRO you)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID APLUMPT-1503-E1-H,184.83))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N President))
(VBD commanded)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) ← nonhuman subject
(ADJ own)
(N Baloon)
(NP-PRN (D a)
(N Barge)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N State)))
(PUNC ,)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NUM Two_and_twenty)
(NS Oars)))))
(TO to)
(VB attend)
(NP-OB1 (PRO me))))
(ID FRYER-1677-E3-H,I,183.7))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD commanded)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO hem))
(TO to)
(BE bene)
(ADVP (ADV wor+tely))
(VAN seruede)) ← passive verb
(PUNC .))
(ID CMBRUT3-M3,82.2486))
( (IP-PPL (VAG desyryng)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N werk)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR God))))
(TO to)
(BE be)
(VAN magnyfyed))) ← passive verb
(ID CMKEMPE-M4,22.462))
( (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD thretyd)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO hir))
(TO to)
(BE be)
(VAN brent))) ← passive verb
(ID CMKEMPE-M4,33.731))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(PP (P whan)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(VBD com)
(PP (P to)
(NP (NPR Benwyke))))))
(NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(VBD fortuned)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (Q both) (D the) (NS kynges)
(NP-PRN *ICH*-1))
(BE be) ← copula
(ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-1 (NPR Ban) (CONJ and) (NPR Bors)))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,16.476))
( (IP-MAT (ALSO Also)
(NP-SBJ (NS men)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Gabaon))))
(VBD feyneden)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO hem))
(TO to)
(BE be) ← copula
(PP (P of)
(NP (ADJ fer) (N cuntre))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMPURVEY-M3,I,9.302))
( (IP-MAT (IP-INF-SBJ (VB Makie)
(NP-OB1 (NPR$ deofles) (N hore))
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO hire))))
(PUNC :)
(BEP is)
(NP-PRD (N reu+de)
(PP (P ouer)
(NP (N reu+de))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.215.3096))
( (IP-MAT (IP-INF-SBJ (TO to)
(VB love)
(NP-OB1 (NPR God)))
(BEP is)
(IP-INF (IP-INF (FOR for)
(TO to)
(VB love)
(NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBP loveth)))))
(PUNC ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-INF (FOR *)
(TO *)
(VB hate)
(NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-2 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBP hateth)))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMCTPARS-M3,296.C1a.332))
( (IP-SUB (ADVP (ADV certes))
(IP-INF-SBJ (FOR for)
(TO to)
(VB persevere)
(NP-MSR (ADJ longe))
(PP (P in)
(NP (N synne))))
(BEP is)
(NP-PRD (N werk)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D the) (NPR devel)))))
(ID CMCTMELI-M3,226.C1.345))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Now))
(ADVP (ADV certes))
(PUNC ,)
(IP-INF-SBJ (NP-SBJ (D a) (N man))
(TO to)
(VB pride)
(NP-RFL (PRO hym))
(PP (P in)
(NP (D the) (NS goodes)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N grace))))))
(BEP is)
(ALSO eek)
(NP-PRD (D an) (ADJ outrageous) (N folie))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMCTPARS-M3,302.C2.567))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
(VBP lye)
(PP (P in)
(NP (PRO$ my) (N power)))
(IP-INF-1 (TO to)
(VB gyff)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,48.1600))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
(MD woll)
(BE be)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ harde))
(IP-INF-1 (TO to)
(VB macche)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hym))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,201.3181))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (PP (P hwenne)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
(HVP hauest)
(NP-MSR (ADJ longe))
(VBN iwaked))
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)
(MD schuldest)
(VB gan)
(IP-INF-PRP (TO to@)
(VB @slepen)))))))
(PUNC .)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV Nu))
(NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
(BEP is)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ god))
(IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBP sei+d))
(IP-INF-1 (VB wakien)))
(ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.197.2820))
The same treatment extends to impersonal verbs.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-VOC (N Sir))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
(VBP nedith)
(NEG nat)
(NP-OB2 (PRO you))
(IP-INF-1 (TO to)
(VB put)
(NP-OB1 (PRO me))
(PP (P to)
(NP (QP (Q no) (QR more))
(N payne)))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,47.1541))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
(NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
(VBD semed)
(IP-INF-1 (TO to)
(BE be)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D the) (N ayge)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NUM three_hondred) (NS wynter))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,660.4629))
Infinitival adjuncts other than purpose clauses (IP-INF-PRP) are labeled IP-INF-ADT.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
(VBP think)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *exp*)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ long))
(IP-INF-ADT (TO to)
(VB hear)
(PP (P from)
(NP (PRO me)))))))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
(DOD did)
(ADVP (ADV well))
(IP-INF-ADT (TO to)
(VB lock)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N door)))))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ But)
(NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
(BEP arte)
(NP-PRD (D a) (N foole))
(IP-INF-ADT-SPE (TO to)
(VB take)
(NP-OB1 (N thought)
(PP (P for)
(NP (PRO hit))))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,34.1087))
See Background for degree and comparative constructions for terminology and concepts.
Degree infinitives without a gap are labeled IP-INF-DEG. Like their finite counterparts, degree infinitives attach in the lowest position available to them in the overt syntax. They must be licensed by a degree head (ENOUGH, TOO) directly (not via intervening AS).
( (NP (ADJR enough)
(N food)
(IP-INF-DEG (TO to)
(VB last)
(NP-MSR (D a) (N month)))))
( (NP (N food)
(ADJP (ADJR enough)
(IP-INF-DEG (TO to)
(VB last)
(NP-MSR (D a) (N month))))))
( (NP (ADJR enough)
(N food)
(PP (P as)
(IP-INF (TO to) ← no -DEG
(VB last)
(NP-MSR (D a) (N month))))))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (PP (P For)
(NP (N payne)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N deth)))))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-SBJ (PRO we)
(QP (Q all)))
(MD shall)
(HV have)
(NP-OB1 (N worke)
(ADJP (ADJR inow)
(IP-INF-DEG (TO to)
(VB macche)
(NP-OB1 (D that) (N knyght)))))
(PUNC ;))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,199.3119))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(NEG n@)
(BED @ass)
(NEG nohht)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ derrf)
(ADVP (ADVR inoh)
(LB |)
(LB |)
(IP-INF-DEG (ADVP (Q All) (ADV opennli+g))
(TO to)
(VB sekenn)
(LB |)
(LB |)
(NP-OB1 (D +Te) (NPR Laferrd) (NPR Crist))
(PP (P biforr)
(NP (D +te) (N follc)))
(PUNC ,)
(LB |)
(LB |)
(IP-INF-PRP (TO To)
(VB (VB lofenn)
(CONJP *ICH*-2))
(NP-OB1 (PRO himm))
(CONJP-2 (CONJ &)
(VB wurr+tenn)))))))
(ID CMORM-M1,II,230.2451))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR Crist))
(BEP is)
(ADJP-PRD (ADVR so)
(ADJ merciable)
(IP-INF-DEG (TO to)
(VB for+gyue)
(NP-OB2 (D a) (ADJ synful) (N man))
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (NS synnes)))))
(ID CMAELR3-M23,43.513))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N man))
(BED was)
(ADJP-PRD (ADVR so)
(ADJ hardy)
(IP-INF-DEG (FOR for-@)
(TO @to)
(VB nempne)
(NP-OB1 (NPR God)))))
(ID CMBRUT3-M3,45.1370))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BEP ys)
(ADJP-PRD (ADVR to)
(ADJ stronge)
(IP-INF-DEG (TO to)
(VB fyght)
(PP (P with)
(NP (NPR Jamys) (NPR Fyscher)
(NP-PRN (D the) (ADJ trewe) (N man))))
(PP (P whythe)
(NP (D an)
(N yryn)
(N$ rammys))
(N horne))))
(PUNC .)
(PUNC "))
(ID CMGREGOR-M4,201.1652))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(PP (ADV+P therfor))
(NP-TMP (D that) (N nyghte))
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD yssued)
(PP (RP oute)
(P of)
(NP (D the) (N castel)))
(PP (P at)
(NP (D a) (N posterne)))
(IP-INF-PRP (FOR for)
(TO to)
(HV have)
(VBN distressid)
(NP-OB1 (NP-POS (D the) (N$ kynges))
(N hooste)))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,4.89))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(NP-SBJ (Q all) (D this))
(BED was)
(VAN ordeyned)
(IP-INF-PRP (FOR for)
(TO to)
(VB kepe)
(NP-OB1 (NP (D the) (NS lordes))
(CONJP *ICH*-1))
(ADVP (ADV togyders))
(CONJP-1 (CONJ and)
(NP (D the) (NS comyns))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,8.208))
Purpose/relative infinitive clauses with gaps are labeled CP-EOP (EOP = empty operator) and are contained within the brackets of their potential antecedent. Like other clauses with gaps, they contain a wh- operator (empty by definition in the case at hand) coindexed with a trace. Both subject and object gaps are indicated.
( (NP (Q+N somebody)
(CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB repair)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N drain))))))
( (NP (D a)
(N problem)
(CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(DO solve)))))
( (NP (Q+N nothing)
(CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB work)
(PP (P with)
(NP *T*-1))))))
( (IP-IMP (VBI Give)
(NP-OB2 (PRO me))
(NP-OB1 (Q+N something)
(CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB drink))))))
( (IP-IMP (VBI Give)
(NP-OB2 (PRO me))
(NP-OB1 (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0) ← not CP-FRL because of empty wh- operator
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB drink))))))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO i))
(MD do@)
(NEG @n't)
(VB know)
(CP-QUE-SUB (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB say)))))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(NEG n@)
(VBD @yst)
(CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV whider))
(IP-INF (ADVP-DIR *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB wende))))
(ID CMBRUT3-M3,50.1485))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D this) (N ensample)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR saturne))))
(VBP techith)
(CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
(IP-INF (ADVP *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB maken)
(PP (P in)
(NP (D the) (N label)))
(NP-OB1 (Q alle) (D the) (NS semydiametres)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NS Epicicles)
(PP (P of)
(NP (Q alle) (D the) (NS planetis))))))))
(PUNC /))
(ID CMEQUATO-M3,26.117))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and) (NP-SBJ *con*) (VBD saide) (CP-THT (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (NEG n@) (HVD @ade) (NP-OB1 (QP (Q no) (QR more)) (N lande) (CP-REL (WPP-1 (WADV+P wherwi+t)) (IP-INF (PP *T*-1) (NP-OB1 (PRO her)) (FOR for@) (TO @to) (VB marie)))))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMBRUT3-M3,17.516))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tey))
(MD wolde)
(HV haue)
(NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(FOR for-@)
(TO @to)
(VB +gyue))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMAELR3-M23,39.379))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
(PP (ADV+P +teruore))
(NP-VOC (NPR lhord))
(NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
(NEG ne)
(HVP habbe)
(NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WPP-1 (WADV+P huer-of))
(C 0)
(IP-INF (PP *T*-1)
(VB maki)
(NP-OB2 (PRO +te))
(NP-OB1 (N yeldinge)))))
(PUNC :))
(ID CMAYENBI-M2,115.2222))
(assured,) comfortable, convenient, costly, decent, delectable, difficult, dreadful, easy, enough (whether ADJ or ADV), (even,) excellent, expedient, facile, fair (= beautiful), fit, (foul,) good, hard, important, irksome, lawful, loathsome, long, marvel(lous), meet, monstrous, (near,) necessary, nice, noyful, pertinent, pity, pleasant, possible, profitable, ready, ridiculous, right, rough, safe, (sharp,) simple, (slippery,) sufficient, sweet, tedious, terrible, too + ADJ/ADV, troublesome, wonderful
Note the structural ambiguity in the following examples.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO It)) ← referential IT ("to read it is easy")
(BEP is)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ easy)
(CP-TMC (WNP-1 (WPRO 0))
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB read))))
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ=1 (PRO It)) ← expletive IT ("to read is easy")
(BEP is)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ easy))
(IP-INF-1 (TO to)
(VB read)))
xx(PUNC .)))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D+ADJ thilke) (N love))
(BEP is)
(ADJP-PRD (QP (D the) (QR moore))
(ADJ grevous)
(CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB parfourne)))))
(ID CMCTPARS-M3,304.C2.683))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and) (ALSO eek)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N wounde))
(MD wolde)
(BE be)
(ADJP-PRD (D the) (ADJR wors)
(CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(FOR for)
(TO to)
(VB heele))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMCTPARS-M3,324.C1.1554))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(BEP is)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJP (ADJR +tickere)
(PP (P a+gein)
(NP (D +te) (N wind))))
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(ADJP (ADJR wurse)
(CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB seon)
(PP (P +turch)
(NP *T*-1))))))))
(ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.41.365))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D This) (N thoghte))
(BEP es)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ gude)
(CP-TMC *ICH*-2))
(NP-TMP (Q+N sumtyme))
(CP-TMC-2 (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(FOR for)
(TO to)
(HV hafe)))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMROLLTR-M24,37.773))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(BEP is)
(NP-PRD (Q muche) (N pine) ← noun
(CP-TMC (WNP-2 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(ADVP (ADV wel))
(FOR for)
(TO to)
(VB halden)))))
(ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.41.361))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ Ant)
(PP (P +tah)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ hare) (N mei+dhad))
(BEP beo)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJR ed-ure))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV nu+de)))))
(PUNC .)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ +tin))
(BEP is)
(NP-PRD (QP (D +te) (QR mare))
(N streng+de) ← noun
(CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB halden))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMHALI-M1,136.115))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(BED was)
(NP-PRD (N rewth) ← noun
(CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB here)))))
(ID CMMIRK-M34,100.2724))
Passive infinitival complements of TOUGH movement licensers (which are no longer grammatical in modern English) are annotated as bare IP-INF. They must be retrieved with reference to the licensing adjective.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D This) (N book))
(BEP is)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ easy)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(BE be)
(VAN read)))
(PUNC .)))
The motivation for this perhaps unhelpful-seeming convention comes from examples like the following, which would end up having two wh- movement traces if the lower IP-INF were immediately dominated by CP-TMC.
( (IP-INF (TO to) (VB know) (CP-QUE-SUB (WPP-4 (P to) (WNP (WD what) (N point) (PP (P of) (NP (N greatnesse))))) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NS men)) (BED were) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ fit) (IP-INF (PP *T*-4) (TO to) (BE bee) (VAN advanced))))) (PUNC .)) (ID HAYWARD-1612-E2-H,8.63))
Clauses of the type SHE IS FAIR TO LOOK ON are also treated as instances of TOUGH movement, even though the proper analysis structure must be somewhat different, since the matrix subject in these cases occupies a thematic position (in SHE IS FAIR TO LOOK ON, SHE is FAIR, but in JOHN IS EASY TO PLEASE, JOHN is not EASY).
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
(BED was)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ faire) (ADVR ynow)
(CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (PP (P oppon)
(NP *T*-1))
(TO to)
(VB see)))))
(ID CMBRUT3-M3,114.3453))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ Ac)
(NP-PRD (ADJ lang)
(N +ting)
(CP-TMC *ICH*-1))
(NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(BED were)
(CP-TMC-1 (WNP-2 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(TO to)
(VB zigge)))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMAYENBI-M2,44.735))
Participial clauses without overt subjects are labeled IP-PPL. As usual, the understood subject (PRO), which is generally coreferential with the matrix subject, is not indicated. In earlier releases of the PPCME2, IP-PPL lacked an overt subject by definition. The changing grammar of English makes it impractical to continue this requirement, however, and IP-PPLs are now allowed to contain overt subjects. See Participial clause with subject for discussion and examples.
In deciding between the alternative structures below, we follow the same criteria as in deciding between ECM and object control.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(VBP remember)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ their) (NS parents))
(IP-PPL (VAG cooking) ← without subject
(NP-OB1 (N dinner)))))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(VBP remember)
(IP-PPL-OB1 (NP-SBJ=1 (EX there)) ← with subject because of expletive subject
(BAG being)
(NP-1 (D a) (N fire)))))
| Function in matrix | Example | PPCME2 | Later corpora |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Reading books is a pleasure. | IP-PPL-SBJ | |
| Complement of verb | They don't mind creating exams. | IP-PPL | IP-PPL-OB1 |
| Complement of copula | The worst part is grading them. | IP-PPL-PRD | |
| Complement of preposition | the idea of doing the dishes | IP-PPL | |
| Adjunct | Turning the page, she began to read. Overcome by remorse, he gave up the throne. | ||
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(IP-PPL-SBJ (VAG loseing) ← subject
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N way)))
(VBD made)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
(NP-PRD (NUM 12) (N mile)))
(PUNC ,))
(ID FIENNES-1698-E3-H,153.309))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(IP-PPL-SBJ (VAG comming) ← subject
(NP-DIR (N home))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV late)))
(BED was)
(NP-PRD (D the)
(N cause)
(CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ my)
(N oncle)
(NP-PRN (NPR Anthony) (NPR Gavdy)))
(VBD fayled)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D a) (N letter))))))
(PUNC .))
(ID GAWDY-1588-E2-H,26.40))
( (CP-REL (WPP-2 (WADV+P whereof))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the)
(ADJ first)
(PP *T*-2))
(BEP is)
(IP-PPL-PRD (VAG (VAG imagining) (CONJ and) (VAG conspiring)) ← complement of BE
(NP-OB1 (D the)
(N Deprivation)
(PUNC ,)
(CONJP (NX (N Death)))
(PUNC ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NX (N Destruction)))
(PP (P of)
(NP (NP-POS (D the) (N$ Queen's))
(N Majesty))))))
(PUNC :))
(ID THOWARD2-1571-E2-P2,101.123))
( (IP-SUB (PP *ICH*-2)
(ADVP (ADV ryght) (ADV so))
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD shall)
(VB com)
(ADVP (ADV agayne))
(PP (P unto)
(NP (PRO me)))
(PP (P withoute)
(IP-PPL (VAG makynge) ← complement of P
(NP-OB1 (QP (Q ony) (QR more))
(N debate)))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,37.1184))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD wente)
(PP (P into)
(NP (D the) (N watir)))
(IP-PPL (IP-PPL (VAG cryynge)) ← adjunct
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-PPL (VAG rorynge)))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-PPL (VAG makying)
(NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N sorowe)))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,664.4752))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N lyon))
(VBD wente)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV allwey))
(PP (P aboute)
(NP (PRO hym)))
(IP-PPL (VAG fawnynge) ← adjunct
(PP (P as)
(NP (D a) (N spaynell))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,664.4776))
We distinguish the following subtypes. Note that in this case, only participial clauses headed by active participles (BAG, DAG, HAG, VAG) are labeled IP-PPL. Participial clauses with subjects that are headed by passive participles are treated as small clauses (IP-SMC) or as absolute clauses (IP-ABS).
| Function in matrix | Example | Annotation |
|---|---|---|
| Subject | Him graduating is a big relief. | IP-PPL-SBJ |
| Complement of verb | They remember there being a fire. | IP-PPL-OB1 |
| Complement of preposition | a nightmare of there being a fire | IP-PPL |
| Adjunct | The deadline approaching, they panicked. | IP-PPL-ABS |
( (IP-MAT (CONJ for) (ADVP-TMP (ADV then)) (IP-PPL-SBJ (NP-SBJ (N grasse)) (VAG beginning) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB spring) (PP (P to) (NP (PRO$ its) (ADJ perfect) (N goodnesse))))) (MD will) (VB occasion) (NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJS greatest) (N increase) (PP (P of) (NP (N milke))) (CP-REL (WNP-1 0) (C that) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) (MD may) (BE be)))) (PUNC :)) (ID MARKHAM-1615-E2-H,2,107.180)) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but) (ADVP (ADV really)) (IP-PPL-SBJ (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N Father)) (BAG being) (ADVP (ADVR soe)) (PP (RP out) (P of) (NP (N humer)))) (VBD put) (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO me)) (TO to) (BE be) (ADJP-PRD (ADV strangly) (ADJ forgetfull))) (PUNC .)) (ID EOXINDEN-1658-E3-P1,224.18))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And) (ADVP (ADV perhaps)) (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ very) (N essence) (PP (P of) (NP (D the) (CODE <font>) (LATIN (FW Plica) (FW Polonica))))) (CODE <$$font>) (MD may) (BE be) (IP-PPL-PRD (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS hairs)) (VAG growing) (ADJP-PRD (ADJP (ADJ hollow)) (PUNC ,) (CONJP (CONJ and) (PP (P of) (NP (D an) (ADJ unnatural) (N constitution)))))) (PUNC .)) (ID HOOKE-1665-E3-P2,158.39))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBP beseech)
(NP-OB2 (PRO you))
(IP-INF (NEG not)
(TO to)
(VB impute)
(NP-OB1 (PRO it))
(PP (P to)
(IP-PPL (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (ADJ sweet) (NS Deares))
(VAG hindering)
(NP-OB1 (PRO me)))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID EOXINDEN-1665-E3-H,309.15))
( (NP (ADJ Greate)
(NS preparations)
(PP (P of)
(NP (Q all)
(D the)
(NS Princes)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Europ)))))
(PUNC ,)
(PP (P against)
(IP-PPL (NP-SBJ (NP (D the) (ADJ French))
(CONJP (FW &c:)
(NP (D the) (N Emp:))))
(VAG making)
(NP-OB1 (N peace)
(PP (P with)
(NP (D the) (NPR Turke))))))
(PUNC :))
(ID EVELYN-1689-E3-H,896.16))
( (PP (P by)
(NP (N constraynt)
(PP (P of)
(IP-PPL (NP-SBJ (NPR Rycharde))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV than))
(BAG beynge)
(NP-PRD (N Kynge))))))
(ID FABYAN-1516-E1-H,567.51))
Small clauses are instances of predication where the predicate is a noun phrase, adjective phrase, or passive participle. In general, other nonverbal categories are not allowed as small clause predicates, but systematic exceptions occur in connection with small clause complements of P. Clauses headed by active participles are treated as participial clauses (IP-PPL).
In addition to serving as complements of verbs or prepositions, small clauses can also occur in absolute construction (without a governing verb or preposition); see Absolute clause (IP-ABS).
| Type | Example | Annotation |
|---|---|---|
| Complement of verb | We consider the project done. | IP-SMC |
| Complement of preposition | With the project done, we can leave. | |
| Absolute | The project completed, the workers left. | IP-ABS |
We treat the following verbs as taking small clause complements; the list is intended to be representative rather than exhaustive and should be compared with the list of verbs that we treat as taking secondary predicates.
acknowledge, account, adjudge, affirm, allow, approve, argue, believe, bethink, bid, call, cause, conceive, conclude, confess, confirm, consider, constitute, continue, count, create, declare, deem, denominate, deny, design, determine, disclose, discover, do, doubt, dub, espy, efform, esteem, expect, express, fancy, feel, feign, find, foresee, form, get, grant, guess, have, hear, hold, hope, imagine, imply, intend, judge, know, learn, let, make, mean, note, number, observe, own, oversee, perceive, phrase, presume, pretend, proclaim, profess, pronounce, protest, prove, reckon, relate, remember, render, report, repute, say, see, show, speak, spy, style, suppose, suspect, term, think, title, trust, turn, understand, value, warrant, wish, write, wyst, yield
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(PP (ADV+P therewith))
(VBD made)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hym))
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ redy)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB departe))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,48.1587))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD saw)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D thes) (NUM two) (NS bodyes))
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ dede))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,53.1774))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
(NP-SBJ (PRO He))
(VBP wenyth)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N knyght))
(ADJP-PRD (ADVR so) (ADJ good)
(PP (P as)
(NP (PRO he)))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,199.3099))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
(CONJ but)
(PP (P with)
(NP (N falshede)))
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD wolde)
(HV have)
(HVN had)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO me))
(VAN slayne)
(PP (P with)
(NP (N treson))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,206.3395))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD founde)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(VAN coverde)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV within) (CONJ and) (ADV without))
(PP (P with)
(NP (ADJ whyght) (N samyte))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,666.4822))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ For)
(NP-SBJ (Q som) (NS men))
(VBD called)
(NP-1 (PRO me))
(NP-TMP (Q+N somtyme))
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *ICH*-1)
(NP-PRD (D the) (N Quene)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D the) (NPR Wast) (NPR Landis)))))
(PUNC ,))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,658.4557))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
(MD myghte)
(VB please)
(NP-OB2 (D the) (N kynge))
(IP-INF-1 (TO to)
(VB make)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO her))
(NP-PRD (PRO$ his) (N quene)))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,4.108))
Empty subjects of small clauses are indicated in the usual way. Extracted subjects are coindexed with a trace in the small clause. In some constructions (notably, reduced relative clauses), where our annotation system does not indicate movement, an empty subject is added that is not a trace.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ-1 (D the) (N duke))
(BED was)
(VAN called)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
(NP-PRD (D the)
(N duke)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Tyntagil)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,2.7))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ-1 (NPR syr) (NPR Kay))
(BED was)
(VAN made)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
(NP-PRD (N knyght)))
(PP (P at)
(NP (NPR Alhalowmas)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV afore))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,8.213))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (Q ony))
(MD sholde)
(BE be)
(VAN accompted)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJP (QR more) (ADJ hardy))
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(ADJP (ADJR more)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N prouesse))))))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,50.1652))
( (NP (D a) (N city)
(RRC (VAN called)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *)
(NP-PRD (NPR Gerona))))))
( (PP (P with)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (ONE one) (N Hand))
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ idle))
(PP (P in)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N Pocket)))))
(ID FARQUHAR-1707-E3-H,5.175))
( (PP (P with)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D a) (N letter))
(VAN engraven)
(PP (P upon)
(NP (Q each)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO them)))))))
(ID HOOLE-1660-E3-H,7.47))
( (PP (P with)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (ADJ humble) (N duty))
(VAN remembred)))
(ID JBARRING-1629-E2-H,79.36))
( (PP (P After)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D the) (NUM three) (NS Concordances))
(VAN learned)))
(ID ASCH-1566-E1-H,1V.17))
( (PP (P after)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (NS thankes))
(VAN giuen)
(PP (P to)
(NP (NPR Sir) (NPR George) (NPR Bruce)))))
(ID JOTAYLOR-1630-E2-H,1,133.C1.162))
Exceptionally, the predicates of small clause complements of prepositions can be PPs, adverbs, or adverbial particles. Potentially analogous cases with verbs are not treated as small clauses; see here for examples.
( (PP (P with)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N hose))
(RP out)
(PP (P at)
(NP (D the) (NS heeles)))))
(ID DELONEY-1597-E2-H,75.185))
( (PP (P with)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D the) (N Crowne))
(PP (P on)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N head)))))
(ID EVELYN-1689-E3-H,903.147))
( (PP (P with)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N Reason))
(PP (P as)
(NP (N Commander)))
(PP (P at)
(NP (D the)
(N Head)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO 'em)))))))
(ID FARQUHAR-1707-E3-H,6.233))
( (PP (P with)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D a) (ADJ good) (N quarter) (N staffe))
(PP (P in)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N hand)))))
(ID HARMAN-1568-E1-H,42.156))
( (PP (P with)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (QP (NP-MSR (ADJ little))
(QR more))
(NS Cloaths)
(PP *ICH*-1))
(RP on)
(PP-1 (P than)
(NP (D a)
(ADJ dark_coloured)
(N Smock)
(PUNC ,)
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(NX (N Frock)))))))
(ID FRYER-1677-E3-H,II,185.208))
( (PP (P with)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO$ its) (N belly))
(ADVP-DIR (ADV+WARD upwards))))
(ID HOOKE-1665-E3-H,212.146))
( (PP (P with)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (Q several) (NS boyes))
(PP (P in)
(NP (Q each) (N Form)))))
(ID HOOLE-1660-E3-H,219.136))
Counterparts of examples like the above with verbs instead of prepositions are not treated as small clauses.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
(VBD saw)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N crown))
(PP (P on)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N head)))
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
(HVD had)
(NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ good) (N quarter) (N staff))
(PP (P in)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N hand)))
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
(HVD had)
(NP-OB1 (ADJ beautiful) (NS clothes))
(RP on)
(PUNC .)))
The following subtypes are distinguished:
| Type | Example | Annotation |
|---|---|---|
| Absolute clause with active participle | The deadline approaching, they panicked. | IP-PPL-ABS |
| Absolute clause with other predicate | This done, Caesar crossed the Rubicon. | IP-ABS |
| Absolute infinitive | This statute to remain in force. | IP-INF-ABS |
( (IP-MAT (IP-PPL-ABS (NP-SBJ (D The) (N deadline)) (VAG approaching)) (PUNC ,) (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (VBD panicked) (PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Than))
(VBD departed)
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Percivale))
(PP (P frome)
(NP (PRO$ hys) (N awnte)))
(PUNC ,)
(IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (Q aythir))
(VAG makyng)
(NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N sorow)))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,659.4602))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV thenne))
(NP-SBJ (Q alle) (D the) (NS byschoppys))
(VBD seseden)
(PP (P with)
(NP (D a) (N swerde)))
(PUNC ,)
(IP-ABS (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (PRO they)
(QP (Q alle)))
(VAG syttynge)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ there) (NS hondys))
(PP (ADV+P thereon)))
(PUNC ,)
(CONJP (CONJ ande)
(IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (Q alle) (PRO they))
(VAG saynge)
(NP-OB1 (D thes) (NS wordys)
(LATIN *ICH*-1))
(ADVP (ADV thys))
(PP (P to)
(NP (PRO hym)))
(PUNC ,)
(LATIN-1 (FW Accingere) (FW gladio) (FW tuo) (FW super)
(FW femur) (FW tuum) (FW potentissime)))))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMGREGOR-M4,166.910))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(NP-SBJ (D +te) (N duke)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Lancastir))))
(VBD londid)
(PP (P at)
(NP (NPR Rauenesporne)))
(PUNC ,)
(PP (ADV fast)
(P be)
(NP (NPR Grymisby)))
(PUNC ,)
(PP (P in)
(NP (D +te) (N translacion)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Seynt) (NPR Martyn)))))
(PUNC ,)
(IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N man))
(VAG makyng)
(NP-OB1 (N resistens)))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMCAPCHR-M4,212.3794))
( (IP-MAT (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (PRO +te)) ← accusative subject
(VAG openand)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ +tyn) (N honde)))
(PUNC ,)
(NP-SBJ (Q alle) (NS +tynges))
(MD shul)
(BE be)
(VAN fulfild)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N godenes)))
(PUNC .))
(ID CMEARLPS-M2,126.5520))
( (IP-SUB (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (PRO +te)) ← accusative subject
(VAG spekinde))
(PUNC /)
(NP-MSR (QP (ADV wel) (QR more)))
(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(BEP by)
(ADJP-PRD (ADJ stille)))
(ID CMAYENBI-M2,266.2605))
( (IP-MAT (IP-PPL (NP-SBJ (D This)) (VAN done)) (PUNC ,) (NP-SBJ (NPR Caesar)) (VBD crossed) (NP-OB1 (D the) (NPR Rubison)) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (Q all) (NS things)) (VAN considered))) ( (IP-ABS (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (ONE one)) ← IP-ABS (RP down)) (CONJP (IP-INF-ABS (NP-SBJ (NUM two)) ← IP-INF-ABS (TO to) (VB go))))))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(NP-SBJ (PRO she))
(VBD flowe)
(PP (P unto)
(NP (D the) (N elme)))
(IP-INF-PRP (TO to)
(VB take)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ hir) (N perche)))
(PUNC ,)
(IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS lunes))
(VAN overcast)
(PP (P aboute)
(NP (D a) (N bowghe))))
(PUNC ;))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,205.3342))
( (IP-INF-ABS (NP-SBJ (D This) (N statute)) (TO to) (VB remain) (PP (P in) (NP (N force))) (PP (P until) (IP-PPL (VAN repealed))) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-ABS (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (ONE one)) ← IP-ABS (RP down)) (CONJP (IP-INF-ABS (NP-SBJ (NUM two)) ← IP-INF-ABS (TO to) (VB go)))))) ( (IP-INF-ABS (CONJ And) (NP-SBJ (PRO$ their) (ADJ fyrst) (NS letters)) (TO to) (BE be) (VAN (VAN paynted) (CONJ or) (VAN lymned)) (PP (P in) (NP (D a) (ADJ pleasaunt) (N maner))) (ID ELYOT-1531-E1-H,21.11)) ( (IP-INF-ABS-1 (CONJ and) (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ sayde) (NS sheues)) (TO to) (VB leane) (ADVP (ADV to-gether)) (PP (P in) (NP (D the) (NS toppes))) (PUNC ,) (IP-INF-ABS-PRN=1 (CONJ and) (ADJP-SPR (ADJ wyde) (PP (P at) (NP (D the) (N grounde))))) (PUNC ,) (CP-ADV (C that) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N winde)) (MD may) (VB go) (ADVP (ADV through)) (PUNC ,) (IP-INF-PRP (TO to) (VB drye) (NP-OB1 (PRO them))))) (PUNC .)) (ID FITZH-1534-E1-H,38.95)) ( (IP-INF-ABS (NP-SBJ (D the) (NPR lord)) (TO to) (VB rais) (RP up) (NP-OB1 (Q all) (PRO$ yo=r=) (NS spirrits))) (ID JPINNEY-1686-E3-H,19.36))