( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR God)) (HVP a) ← A = subjunctive HAVE (NP-OB1 (N mercy)) (PUNC !)))
(PP (P on) (PP (P+N aboard) (NP (N board) (NP (N ship))) (NP-COM (N ship)))) (PP (P on) (PP (P+N aboard) (NP (N board) (PP (P of) (PP (P of) (NP (D the) (N ship)))) (NP (D the) (N ship)))))
(NP-TMP (ADV about) (D the) (ADJ same) (N time))
ABOUT as a raising predicate is treated as the head of a prepositional phrase.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (BEP is) (PP (P about) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB rain))) (PUNC .)))
(IP-MAT (QTP (INTJ Adieu)) (PUNC ,) (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (VBD murmured)) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB bid) (NP-OB2 (Q+ONE someone)) (NP-OB1 (N adieu)))
See also ONCE AGAIN.
(ADVP (ADV again) ← no ADVP-TMP
(ADVP-TMP (NP-MSR (D a) (N week)) (ADV ago))
ALL is always tagged Q, but it is not always easy to distinguish its floated quantifier use from its adverbial/intensive use. We therefore (attempt to) apply the following default rules.
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ hyhe) (N masse)) (BEP be) (ADVP (Q all)) (DAN done)) (ID CMMALORY-M4,7.197)) ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR$ Gryfflettis) (N spere)) (ADVP (Q all)) (VBD to-shevirde)) (ID CMMALORY-M4,38.1206)) ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ hir) (N horse)) (BED was) (ADVP (Q all)) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ beswette)) (ID CMMALORY-M4,626.3508)))
When used as a sort of qualifier, ALL BUT is treated as a measure phrase as follows:
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (MD will) (BE be) (ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR (Q all) (PP (P but))) (ADJ overjoyed) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB see) (NP-OB1 (PRO you)))) (PUNC .)))
He is all alone/ADJ . alone/ADJ of all the children God alone/FP knows .
ALSO has its own tag (ALSO). In conjunction structures, it attaches as a sister of the conjunction.
( (NP (NP (N fruit)) (CONJP (CONJ and) (ALSO also) (NP (NS nuts))))) ( (NP (NP (N fruit)) (CONJP (CONJ and) (NP (NS nuts)) (ALSO also)))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (HVP have) (ALSO also) (VBN seen) (NP-OB1 (ADJR smaller) (NS ones)) (PUNC .)))
Middle English EKE is treated the same way.
( (NP (ADJ gret) (N bysynesse) (CONJP (CONJ and) (ALSO eke) (NX (N trauayle)))) (ID CMAELR3-M23,54.881)) ( (IP-MAT (PP (P Of) (NP (D this) (N roote))) (NP-SBJ=1 *exp*) (ALSO eek) (VBP spryngeth) (NP-1 (D a) (N seed) (PP (P of) (NP (N grace))))) (ID CMCTPARS-M3,289.C2.48))
ALSWA can be used as an adverb (= IN THAT WAY), either as a modifier or absolutely. It is then tagged ADV when spelled together and al/Q swa/ADV when separated.
+Gef +ge finde+d +tt +ge don alswa/ADV as +ge rede+d . +tonke+d god $. +georne Riht alswo/ADV do +du Al/Q swa/ADV me mai , mang alles kennes liues menn , sume gode and sume euele finden Al/Q swo/ADV he de+d +to men +de sennen habbe+d forhaten te laten
ALSWA also has a prepositional use. It is then tagged P when spelled together and al/Q swa/P when separated. See also AS, SO, THAN (preposition).
for alswa/P weter acwenche+d fur ; alswa/ADV acwenche+d sunne Luue +dine nexte al/Q swa/P +de seluen Al/Q swa/P +de angel was +gedriuen ut of heuene riche for modinesse , swa was Adam
(PP (P in) (PP (P+N amidst) (NP (N midst) (NP (NS difficulties)))) (NP-COM (NS difficulties))))) (PP (P in) (PP (P+N amidst) (NP (N midst) (PP (P of) (PP (P of) (NP (NS difficulties))))) (NP (NS difficulties)))))
For AN meaning IF, see AND.
In numbers, AND now always forms part of the unitary number word.
AN(D) meaning IF is tagged P.
AND
AND is generally tagged CONJ.
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(FRAG (ADVP (ADV so))
(ADVP (ADV forth))))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(FRAG (ADVP (ADV so))
(RP on)))
( (IP-MAT ...
(FRAG (CONJ and)
(CP-CAR (WNP-1 (WPRO which))
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(ADVP (ADV sincerely))
(VBP regret))))))
two_hundred_and_fifty-four/NUM
(PP (P and)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
(MD myghte)
(VB please)
(NP-OB2 (D the) (N kynge))
(IP-INF-1 (TO to)
(VB make)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO her))
(NP-PRD (PRO$ his) (N quene))))))
(ID CMMALORY-M4,4.108))
AND THAT gapping
The constituent dominating the entire sequence is FRAG.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
(VBD came)
(PUNC ,)
(FRAG (CONJ and)
(NP (D that / this))
(ADVP (ADV willingly)))
(PUNC .)))
ANE
ANOTHER
Treated as written.
ANY MORE
( (NP (QP (Q any / no) (QR more))
(NS problems))))
APON
AS (complementizer)
See also AS, SO (preposition).
AS is tagged C in the following (relatively rare) cases.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (VBP allow) (CP-THT (C as) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (VBP know) (NP-OB1 (PRO us)))) (PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ *pro*) (PP (P +ta) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ha)) (BED weren) (VAN iseten) (RP up)))) (PUNC ;) (VBD sehen) (CP-THT (C as) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D +te) (NS engles)) (PP (P wi+d) (NP (NS smirles) (PP (P of) (NP (NS aromaz))))) (VBD smireden) (NP-ACC (PRO$ hire) (NS wunden)))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMKATHE-M1,38.318))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ for) (ADVP (ADV swa)) (MD ach) (NP-SBJ (N ancre)) (NP-ADV (PRO hire) (FP ane)) (PP (P in) (NP (ADJ anli) (N stude) (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0) (C as) (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO ha)) (BEP is))))) (VB (VB chirmin) (CONJ &) (VB chiterin)) (NP-ACC (PRO$ hire) (NS beoden)) (PUNC .)) (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.121.1541))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (DOP do) (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0) (C as) (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (BEP are) (VAN told)))) (PUNC .)))
( (CP-EXL (INTJ O) (PUNC ;) (NP-VOC (PRO$ mine) (ADJ Leoue) (NS sustren)) (C as) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR eue)) (HVP haue+d) (NP-ACC (Q monie) (NS dochtren) (PUNC .) (CP-REL (WNP-1 0) (C +tt) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) (VBP fole+ge+d) (NP-ACC (PRO$ hare) (N moder)))))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.44.406))
This item includes the first AS in AS GOOD AS GOLD or AS QUICKLY AS A CHEETAH. For the second AS, see AS, SO, THAN (preposition).
When modifying adjectives, adverbs, or quantifiers in comparative or degree contexts, AS (ALS, ALSE, ALSO, ALSWA, etc.) and SO (SE, SWA, etc.) are tagged ADVR. In these contexts, AS and SO can be paraphrased by TO SUCH A DEGREE/EXTENT.
( (ADJP (ADVR as) (ADJ unbelievable)) ( (ADJP (ADVR as) (ADJ unbelievable) (PP (P as) (NP (PRO$ your) (ADJ last) (N story))))) ( (ADJP (ADVR as) (ADJ unbelievable) (PP (P as) (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (MD may) (VB sound)))))) ( (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV comfortably) (PP (P as) (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) (BED was) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ possible))))))) ( (NP (QP (ADVR as) (Q many)) (NS olives) (PP (P as) (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) (VBP grow) (PP (P in) (NP (NPR Greece)))))))) ( (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ simple)) ( (NP (QP (ADVR so) (Q many)) (ADJ good) (NS examples))) ( (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ implausibe) (CP-DEG (C that) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (VBP defies) (NP-OB1 (N belief)))))) ( (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ merciful) (IP-INF-DEG (TO to) ← -DEG when IP-INF is complement of licensing degree head (SO) (VB forgive) (NP-OB1 (Q all) (PRO$ our) (NS sins))))) ( (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ unbelievable) (PP (P as) (IP-INF (TO to) ← no -DEG because of intervening non-degree AS (VB defy) (NP-OB1 (N belief))))))
When used as a sort of qualifier, AS GOOD AS or AS MUCH AS are treated as measure phrases as follows:
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N term)) (BEP is) (NP-MSR (ADVR as) (ADJ good) (PP (P as))) (RP over) (PUNC .)))
This item includes the second AS in AS GOOD AS GOLD and AS FAST AS A CHEETAH. For the first AS and for further examples with AS, see AS, SO (degree).
When (SUCH) AS introduces examples, it can take complements of essentially any syntactic category, including (exceptionally) CP-THT.
( (NP (SUCH such) (NS examples) (PP (P as) (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) (VBP arise)))))) ( (NP (NS problems) (ADJP (ADJ such) (PP (P as) (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) (ADVP-TMP (ADV often)) (VBP arise))))))) ( (PP (P in) (NP (D the) (ADJ same) (N way) (PP (P as) (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0) (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBD did) (NP-OB1 (PRO it))))))))
( (IP-IMP (PP (P Toward) (NP (NP-POS (D +te) (N$ preostes)) (N tiden))) (VBI hercni+d) (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR se) (ADJ for+d)) (PP (P se) (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge)) (MD ma+gen) (VB *))))) (PUNC ,)) (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,I.74.298)) ( (PP (ADV swa) (P se) (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu)) (VBP for+geuest) (NP-DTV (D +tam) (NS monne) (CP-REL (WNP-2 0) (C +te) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2) (PP (P wi+d) (NP (PRO +te))) (VBP agulte+d))))))) (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,39.495)) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ=1 *exp*) (NEG N@) (BEP @is) (NP-DTV (PRO me)) (NP-1 (Q nan) (N ofrende)) (ADJP-PRD (ADVR swa) (ADJ lief) (PP (P swa) (NP (NP-POS (NP-POS (NPR$ godes)) (CONJP *ICH*-2)) (N luue) (CONJP-2 (CONJ and) (NP-POS (Q$ alre) (NS$ mannes)))))) (PUNC .) (PUNC ')) (ID CMVICES1-M1,3.6))
( (ADJP (QR more) (ADJ unscrupulous) (PP (P than) (NP (PRO$ their) (NS predecessors))))) ( (ADJP (QR more) (ADJ unscrupulous) (PP (P than) (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0) (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO$ their) (NS predecessors)) (ADVP-TMP (ADV ever)) (BED were))))))
( (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR as) (ADJ far)) ← implied empty nominal head (= DISTANCE) (PP (P as) (NP (NPR London))))) ( (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR as) (ADJ far)) (PP (P as) (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (BEP am) (VAN concerned)))))) ( (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR as) (ADJ far)) (PP (P as) (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) (BEP is) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ reasonable)))))))
(PP-PRN (P as) ← always parenthetical (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (BED were)))) (PP (P as) ← parenthetical or not depending on context (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (BED were) (PP (P with) (NP (NS hands))))))
( (PP (PP (P on) (NP (NPR earth))) (ADVP (ADVR as) ← ADVP corresponds to CONJP; AS WELL AS corresponds to CONJ (ADV well) (PP (P as) (PP (P in) (NP (NPR heaven))))))) ( (PP (ADVP (ADVR as) ← extraposed PP corresponds to extraposed CONJP (ADV well) (PP *ICH*-1)) (PP (P on) (NP (NPR earth))) (PP-1 (P as) (PP (P in) (NP (NPR heaven)))))) ( (ADVP-LOC (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV well) (PP *ICH*-1)) (ADVP (ADV here)) (PP-1 (P as) (ADVP (ADV there))))) ( (NP-SBJ (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV well) (PP *ICH*-1)) (NP (PRO he)) (PP-1 (P as) (NP (PRO she))))) ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-1 (ADVR as) (ADV well) (PP *ICH*-2)) (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (VBD fed) (NP-OB1 (ADVP *ICH*-1) (NP (D the) (ADJ young)) (PP-2 (P as) (NP (D the) (ADJ old)))) (PUNC .))) ( (PP (P for) (IP-PPL (IP-PPL (VAG buying) (NP-OB1 (N wool))) (ADVP (ADVR as) ← ADVP corresponds to CONJP; AS WELL AS corresponds to CONJ (ADV well) (PP (P as) (IP-PPL (VAG selling) (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))))) ( (PP (P for) (IP-PPL-1 (VAG buying) (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV well) (PP (P as) (IP-PPL=1 (VAG selling)))) (NP-OB1 (N wool))))) ( (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (VBD bought) (NP-OB1 (N wool))) (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV well) (PP (P as) (IP-MAT=1 (VBD sold) (NP-OB1 (PRO it))))) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (VBD bought) (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV well) (PP (P as) (IP-MAT=1 (VBD sold)))) (NP-OB1 (N wool)) (PUNC .)))
Mixed conjunction structures are possible, where one conjunct of the correlative construction comes from BOTH ... AND and the other from AS WELL AS.
( (PP (CONJ both) (PP (P on) (NP (NPR earth))) (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV well) (PP (P as) (PP (P in) (NP (NPR heaven))))))) ( (PP (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV well)) (PP (P on) (NP (NPR earth))) (CONJP (CONJ and) (PP (P in) (NP (NPR heaven)))))) ( (PP (PP (P on) (NP (NPR earth))) (CONJP (CONJ and) (PP (P in) (NP (NPR heaven))) (ADVP (ADVR as) ← AS WELL attaches like ALSO (ADV well))))) ( (PP (PP (NEG not) (FP only) (P on) (NP (NPR earth))) (CONJP (CONJ but) (PP (P in) (NP (NPR heaven))) (ADVP (ADVR as) ← AS WELL attaches like ALSO (ADV well)))))
Doubtful (and extremely difficult) cases are annotated by default as
ordinary comparative structures.
Unlike ALSWA, ASSWA is always treated
as a unitary adverb or
preposition, as appropriate in context.
ASLEEP
ASSWA
(ADV / P asswa)
(ADV / P as_swa)
AY (see EVER)
A+TET
A+TET (and variants) meaning UNTIL is treated as
a unitary preposition.
BACK
Locative or directional BACK is tagged ADV, not RP.
BECAUSE
BECAUSE is treated as_written.
When written apart, the clause following it is treated as
a THAT complement of the noun CAUSE.
When written together, the clause following it is treated as
the CP-ADV complement of the complex head P+N.
( (PP (P by) (NP (N cause) (CP-THT (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (VBD knewe) (NEG not) (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N sheld))))))) (ID CMMALORY-M4,68.2300)) ( (PP (P+N because) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (HVD had) (NP-OB1 (Q no) (N lady))))) (ID CMMALORY-M4,63.2096))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (VBD bade) (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D the) ← postverbal NP = complement subject (NS grooms)) (VB feed) (NP-OB1 (D the) (NS horses))) (PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (VBD bade) (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*) (VB feed) (NP-OB1 (D the) (NS horses))) (PUNC .)))
In the TO infinitive case, the ordinary criteria for deciding between ECM and object control apply. The postverbal noun phrase is treated as an indirect object because BID can be used as a ditransitive verb (see below).
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (VBD bade) (NP-OB2 (D the) ← object control; postverbal NP = matrix indirect object (NS grooms)) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB feed) (NP-OB1 (D the) (NS horses))) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (VBD bade) (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D the) ← ECM because of passive complement (NS horses)) (TO to) (BE be) (VAN fed)) (PUNC .)))
TO BID S.O. FAREWELL / WELCOME is always treated as a ditransitive construction; if necessary, VERY is treated as an adjective.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We)) (VBD bade) (NP-OB2 (PRO him)) (NP-OB1 (ADJ very) (N welcome)))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We)) (VBD bade) (NP-OB2 (PRO him)) (ADVP (ADV heartily)) (NP-OB1 (N farewell))))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (CONJ both) (ADJ rich) (CONJ and) (ADJ poor)) (BED were) (VAN invited) (PUNC .))) ( (PP (P on) (NP (Q both) (NS sides))))
(NP (NP (N meat)) (CONJP (CONJ but) (NP (NEG not) (NS vegetables))))
The distinction between the conjunction use and the other tso uses on the other is generally clear, but the distinction between the latter (FP, P) can be difficult. BUT is tagged as P if it can be replaced naturally by EXCEPT or THAN.
nobody but/P you ← not the NOT/NE ... BUT construction nothing but/P blue skies ← not the NOT/NE ... BUT construction a speech which I should not have mentioned, but/P as/C (= EXCEPT THAT) it shews in so lively a view the wretched situation of his mind at that time yet he had no sooner accepted it, but/P (= THAN) he was thrown into great perplexity
Where replacement by EXCEPT or THAN is not possible (or at least not
natural), BUT is tagged FP and attached as low as possible.
The most common case is the
( (NP (D a) (N treasure) (PUNC ,) (CP-REL (WNP-1 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (VBD knew) (PUNC ,) (CP-THT (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) (MD cou'd) (NEG not) (FP but) (BE be) (ADJP-PRD (ADV extremely) (ADJ dear) (PP (P to) (NP (PRO him))))))))) (ID BEHN-1668-E3-H,161.98)) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D This)) (MD can@) (NEG @not) (BE be) (NP-PRD (FP but) (D a) (ADJ great) (N folly)) (PUNC ,)) (ID BRINSLEY-1627-E2-H,45.189)) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but) (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (MD can@) (NEG @not) (FP but) (VB make) (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (Q all) (N+N Mankind)) (TO to) (VB tremble)) (PUNC :)) (ID LISLE-1685-E3-H,IV,122C1.412))
Examples of the following sort are semantically distinct (the BUT seems semantically vacuous and syntactically equivalent to TO), but they are annotated the same way.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (MD will) (NEG not) (VB fayle) (IP-INF (FP but) (VB remembre) (NP-OB1 (NP-POS (PRO$ your) (N$ lordships)) (N sute) (PP (P for) (NP (D the) (ADJ forfayted)))))) (ID LEYCEST,413.3795)) ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) (MD could) (NEG not) (VB stay) (IP-INF (FP but) (VB salute) (NP-OB1 (PRO you)) (PUNC ,) (PP (ADV togither) (P with) (NP (PRO$ your) (ADJ honorable) (N espouse))))) (ID ROYAL1,60.593))
Inherently negative or questioning verbs (DENY, DOUBT, FEAR, HINDER,
LET, MISTRUST, PREVENT, QUESTION) as well as other verbs or degree words
when negated sometimes take finite clausal complements preceded by BUT.
As in the
( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV yet)) (NP-SBJ (D that)) (BEP is) (NEG not) (ADJP-PRD (ADV altogether) (ADVR so) (ADJ necessary) (CP-DEG (FP but) (C that) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (ADJ low) (NS Walls)) (MD may) (VB serve) (NP-OB1 (N turn))))) (PUNC ,)) (ID LANGF-1696-E3-H,127.312)) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and) (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP doubt) (NEG not) (CP-THT (FP but) (C 0) (IP-SUB (PP (P at) (NP (ADJ yonder) (N tree))) (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (MD shall) (VB catch) (NP-OB1 (D a) (N Chub)))) (PUNC ,)) (ID WALTON-1676-E3-H,215.147))
Relative clauses of the following type are treated similarly.
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ=1 (EX there)) (BEP is) (NP-1 (Q no) (N part) (PP (P of) (NP (D the) (N skin))) (CP-REL (FP but) (WNP-2 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB-4 (NP-SBJ (D the) (N blood)) (BEP is) (VAN dispers'd) (PP (P into) (NP *T*-2)))))) (ID HOOKE-1665-E3-H,212.153)) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for) (NP-SBJ=1 (EX there)) (BEP is) (ADVP (ADV hardly)) (NP-1 (D a) (ADJ large) (N Feather) (CP-REL *ICH*-2)) (PP (P in) (NP (D the) (N wing) (PP (P of) (NP (D a) (N Bird))))) (PUNC ,) (CP-REL-2 (FP but) (WNP-3 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3) (VBP contains) (NP-OB1 (ADV neer) (D a) (N million) (PP (P of) (NP (ADJ distinct) (NS parts)))))) (PUNC ,)) (ID HOOKE-1665-E3-P2,166.177)) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And) (ALSO also) (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N man) (CP-REL *ICH*-2)) (BED was) (ADVP-LOC (ADV there)) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ present)) (PUNC ,) (CP-REL-2 (FP but) (WNP-1 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) (ADVP (ADV wel)) (VBD knew) (CP-THT (C that) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N harme)) (BED was) (ADVP-TMP (ADV euer)) (ADJP-PRD (SUCH such)) (PP (P since) (NP (PRO$ his) (N birth))))))) (PUNC .)) (ID MORERIC-1513-E1-P2,48.91))
( (PP (P in) (NP (N case) (CP-THT (C that / 0) ← CP-THT, not CP-ADV (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (VBP come))))))
( (NP (D the) (NPR City))) ( (NP (D the) (N City) (PP (P of) (NP (NPR London)))))
(IP-INF (TO to) (VB consider) (NP-OB1 (Q+N someone)) (PP (P as) (NP (D a) (N friend))))
APPEAR, BE, BECOME, CHANCE, CONTINUE, FALL, FEEL, GET, GROW, KEEP, LOOK, PLEAD (in legal sense), PROVE, REMAIN, SAVOR, SEEM, SHOW, SMELL, SOUND, STAY, TASTE, TURN, WAX
( (NP (ADJ Dear) (NPR Cassandra))) ( (NP (PRO$ My) (ADJ dear) (NPR Jane))) ( (NP (PRO$ My) (ADJ dear))) ( (NP (PRO$ My) (NS Dears)))
( (CP-ADV (ADV directly) (C 0 / as / that / when) (IP-SUB we heard the news)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO You)) (MD would) (DO do) (ADVP (ADV well)) (IP-INF-ADT (TO to) (VB make) (NP-OB1 (N reservations))) (PUNC .)))
( (ADVP-TMP (ADV early) ← like this (ADV = head, PP = postmodifier) (PP (P in) (NP (D the) (N morning))))) ( (ADVP-TMP (ADV late) (PP (P at) (NP (N night))))) ( (PP (ADV early) ← not like this (P = head, ADV = premodifier) (P in) (NP (D the) (N morning)))) ( (PP (ADV late) (P at) (NP (N night))))
either/CONJ you or I should do the job . either/CONJ you should do the job . Or I should . either/Q way on either/Q side I wouldn't do the job, either/ADV.
( (PP (PP (P with) (NP (D a) (ADJ sherpe) (N spere))) (CONJP (CONJ othir) (ELSE ellis) (PP (P with) (NP (D a) (ADJ sherpe) (N swerde))))))
When it clearly means something like OTHER or OTHERWISE, it is tagged ADJ or ADV.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ for) (ADVP (ADV else)) (NP-SBJ (D this) (N exposition)) (BED were) (NEG not) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ right)) (PUNC .)))
( (ADJP (ADJ warm) ← dimension adjective > degree modifier (ADVP (ADVR enough)) (PP (P for) (NP (N comfort))))) ( (ADJP (ADV sufficiently) ← degree modifier > dimension adjective (ADJ warm) (PP (P for) (NP (N comfort)))))
Adjectival ENOUGH is a synthetic form corresponding to SUFFICIENTLY MANY/MUCH and is tagged ADJR. The annotation is analogous to the adverbial examples in the sense that the degree modifier, its modifiee, and the degree complement are all annotated as sisters. Unlike its adverbial counterpart, adjectival ENOUGH can precede its modifiee. The modified noun may be absent but is always implicit in the structure.
( (NP (ADJR enough) ← ENOUGH > noun (NS clothes) (PP (P for) (NP (D a) (N week))))) ( (NP (NS clothes) ← noun > ENOUGH (ADJP (ADJR enough)) (PP (P for) (NP (D a) (N week))))) ( (NP (ADJR enough))) ← implicit nominal head
ENOUGH can take finite or nonfinite degree complements. The infinitival counterparts of CP-DEG are annotated as simple IP-INF-DEG.
( (ADJP (ADJ loud) (ADVP (ADVR enough)) (CP-DEG (C that / 0) ← finite complement (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (VBD damaged) (NP-OB1 (PRO$ their) (N hearing)))))) ( (ADJP (ADJ loud) (ADVP (ADVR enough)) (IP-INF-DEG (TO to) ← nonfinite complement (VB damage) (NP-OB1 (PRO$ their) (N hearing)))))
Nonfinite complements with gaps are treated as CP-EOP.
( (ADJP (ADJ cool) (ADVP (ADVR enough)) (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0) (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1) (TO to) (VB drink))))) ( (NP (ADJR enough) (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0) (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1) (TO to) (VB eat)))))
( (NP (D an) (N ermytage) (PP (ADV evyn) (P by) (NP (D a) (N chyrcheyerde)))) (ID CMMALORY-M4,61.2025))
(ADJP (ADV ever) (D the) (ADJR better)) ← like NEVER THE WISER
( (PP (P Et) (NP (D +te) (N biginning) (PP (P of) (NP (Q eauer_vh) (N tide)))))) ( (NP (Q eauer_euch) (N bruche)))
( (NP (D an) (ADJ exceeding) (N benefit))) ( (ADJP (ADV exceeding) (ADJ strange)))
( (META (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ *pro*) (VBP Exit / Exeat)) (PUNC .))) ( (META (IP-MAT (VBP Exit / Exeat) (NP-SBJ (NPR Miss) (NPR Hoyden))) (PUNC .))) ( (META (IP-MAT (VBP Exeunt) (NP-SBJ (NPR Romeo) (CONJ and) (NPR Juliet))) (PUNC .))) ( (META (LATIN (FW Exeunt) (FW omnes / ambo)) (PUNC .)))
EXEANT is not listed as a headword in the OED and is hence tagged FW.
( (META (FW Exeant) (PUNC .))) ( (META (LATIN (FW Exeant) (FW omnes / ambo)) (PUNC .))) ( (META (IP-MAT (FW Exeant) (NP-SBJ (NPR Romeo) (CONJ and) (NPR Juliet))) (PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we)) (MD must) (VB go) (NP-MSR (ADJR further)) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-MSR (ADJR further)) (PUNC ,) (NP-SBJ (PRO we)) (VBP see) (NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJ following) (N problem)) (PUNC .))) ( (CP-ADV (C that) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (MD might) (ADVP (D the) (ADVR better) ← ADVP because of BETTER in first conjunct (CONJP (CONJ &) (ADJX (ADJR farder)))) (BE be) (VAN knowen) (PP (P with) (NP (N prayse) (PP (P of) (NP (ADJ vulgare) (NS folk))))))) (ID BOETHEL-1593-E2-P1,15.115))
( (IP-MAT (QTP (INTJ farewell)) (PUNC ,) (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (VBD murmured))) ( (IP-INF (TO to) (VB bid) (NP-OB2 (Q+ONE someone)) (NP-OB1 (N farewell)))) ( (NP (D a) (ADJ fond) (N fare_well)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO She)) (VBD made) (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS gates)) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ fast))) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-INF (TO to) (VB strive) (ADVP (ADV fast) (CONJ and) (ADV furiously)))) ( (IP-INF (TO to) (VB run) (ADVP (ADVR faster)))) ( (PP (ADV fast) (P+N asleep))) ( (PP (ADV fast) (P by) (NP (D the) (N castle)))) ( (ADVP-LOC (ADV fast) (RP by)))
FIRST is never tagged as a superlative. It is tagged ADJ when used as an ordinal number and ADV when used as a temporal adverb.
(NP (D the) (ADJ first) (N time)) (PP (P at) (NP (D the) (ADJ first))) ← note contrast with AT FIRST (PP (P at) (ADVP (ADV first))) ← note contrast with AT THE FIRST (ADVP-TMP (ADV first)) (ADVP-TMP (ADV first) (PP (P of) (NP (Q all))))
FOR can be an ordinary preposition or subordinating conjunction (P), an infinitive marker (FOR), or a coordinating conjunction (CONJ). Where ambiguous between FOR and P, it is tagged P if construed with one of the verbs listed below, and as FOR otherwise.
ASK, ACHE, AIM, BURN, BURST, CALL, CARE, CLAMOUR, CONTEND, CRAVE, HOPE, ITCH, LONG, PLAN, PREPARE, SUE, WAIT, YEARN
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (VBD called) (PP (P for) (NP (PRO him))) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB solve) (NP-OB1 (D the) (N problem))))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO it)) (MD would) (BE be) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ desirable)) (IP-INF-1 (FOR for) (NP-SBJ (PRO him)) (TO to) (VB solve) (NP-OB1 (D the) (N problem)))))
When used as a causal conjunction, FOR is generally tagged as a coordinating conjunction (CONJ). It is tagged as a subordinating conjunction (P) in the following cases, which are essentially restricted to Middle English.
( (IP-MAT (PP (P In) (NP (D +te) (N hei+gt))) (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (BEP is) (PUNC ,) (PP (P for) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (BEP is) (PP (P wi+t) (NP (Q al) (D +te) (N my+gt) (PP (P of) (NP (D +te) (N spirit)))))))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMCLOUD-M3,75.304)) ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N si+gt)) (MD may) (BE be) (NP-TMP (NP (Q any) (N tyme)) (PUNC ,) (CONJP (CONJ or) (PP (P in) (NP (Q any) (N +ting))))) (PUNC ,) (ADJP-PRD (QR more) (ADJ cleer) (PP (P +ten) (PP (P in) (NP (D+OTHER ano+ter))))) (PUNC ,) (PP (P for) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (BEP is) (ADVP-TMP (ADV euermore)) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ vnchaungable)))))) (ID CMCLOUD-M3,89.527)) ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (Q alle) (D the) (NS sterres) (RRC (VAG sitting) (PP (P within) (NP (D the) (N zodiak) (PP (P of) (NP (PRO$ thin) (N Astrelabie))))))) (BEP ben) (VAN clepid) (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1) (NP-PRD (NS sterres) (PP (P of) (NP (D the) (N north))))) (PUNC ,) (PP (P for) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thei)) (VBP arise) (PP (P by) (NP (N northe))) (NP-DIR (D the) (N est) (N lyne))))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMASTRO-M3,667.C2.146))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N somme) (PP (P of) (NP (NS thingis) (CP-REL (WNP-2 0) (C that) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-3 *T*-2) (BEP ben) (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *-3) (TO to) (DO done))))))) (BEP is) (VAN taken) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB governe) (PP (P to) (NP (ADJ good) (N folk)))) (PUNC ,) (PP (P for) ← FOR THAT (CP-ADV (C that) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N malice) (ADJP (ADJ haboundaunt)) (PP (P of) (NP (NS schrewes)))) (MD scholde) (BE ben) (VAN abated))))) (ID CMBOETH-M3,453.C2.523)) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And) (PP (P for) (D +ti) ← FOR THI THAT (CP-ADV (C +tat) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (BEP es) (NP-PRD (N vice) (PP (P of) (NP (N propirte))))))) (PUNC ,) (MD sal) (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (BE be) (VAN scorn) (PP (P als) (NP (N +tifte))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMBENRUL-M3,36.1179)) ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and) (PUNC ,) (PP (P for) ← clause-internal (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (VBP dredith) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB lesen) (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N fortune)))))) (PUNC ,) (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (VBP forletith) (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N wikkidnesse)) (PUNC .)) (ID CMBOETH-M3,454.C1.543)) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &) (NP-SBJ *con*) (VBD told) (NP-OB2 (PRO hym)) (PUNC ,) (PP (P for) ← clause-internal (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (BED was) (NP-PRD (N Kyng) (PP (P of) (NP (NPR Brytaigne))))))) (PUNC ,) (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV how)) (C +tat) (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N brother)) (BED was) (VAN slayn))) (PUNC ,)) (ID CMBRUT3-M3,12.337))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And) (NP-OB1 (D +tis)) (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (DOP do+t) (PP (P for) ← SO THAT (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (MD wil) (NEG not) (VB reuerse) (NP-OB1 (NP (D +te) (N ordre)) (CONJP (CONJ or) (NP (D +te) (ADJ ordinel) (N cours)))) (PP (P in) (NP (D +te) (N cause) (PP (P of) (NP (PRO$ his) (N creacion)))))))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMCLOUD-M3,20.116))
(PP (P+ADVR+Q forasmuch) (PP (P for) (PP (P as) (QP (ADVR as) (Q much)) (CP-ADV ...))) (PP (P as) (CP-ADV ...))))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And) (PP (P when) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR Humbar)) (VBD saw) (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO hem)) (VB come))))) (PUNC ,) (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (BED was) (ADJP-PRD (ADV sore) (ADJ adrad)) (PUNC ,) (PP (P+ADVR+Q forasmyche) (PP (P as) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (NS men)) (VBD wist) (NP-OB1 (PRO it)) (NEG not))))) (PUNC ,)) (ID CMBRUT3-M3,13.347)) ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu)) (BEP be) (NP-PRD (NP-POS (D +te) (N$ kynges) (PP *ICH*-1)) (N douter) (PP-1 (P of) (NP (NPR heuene)))) (PUNC ,) (PP (P for) (QP (ADVR as) (Q muche) (PP (P as) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu)) (HVP hast) (VBN ywedded) (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N sone) (NP-PRN (NPR Criste))))))))) (ID CMAELR3-M23,33.204)) ( (IP-MAT (NP-VOC (N Suster)) (PUNC ,) (NP-SBJ (PRO thou)) (HVP hast) (ADVP-TMP (ADV ofte)) (VBN axed) (PP (P of) (NP (PRO me))) (NP-OB1 (D a) (N forme) (PP (P of) (NP (N lyuyng))) (RRC (VAG accordyng) (PP (P to) (NP (PRO$ thyn) (N estat))))) (PUNC ,) (PP (P+ADVR+Q inasmuche) (PP (P as) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thou)) (BEP art) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ enclosed)))))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMAELR4-M4,1.10)) ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (HVP haue) (VBN preuyd) (NP-OB1 (PRO +te)) (PP (P be) (NP (NP (Q many) (NS tribulacyons)) (PUNC ,) (CONJP (NP (Q many) (ADJ gret) (N heuynes))) (PUNC ,) (CONJP (CONJ &) (NP (Q many) (ADJ grevows) (N sekenes))))) (PP (P in) (QP (ADVR so) (Q mech) (CP-ADV (C +tat) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu)) (HVP hast) (BEN ben) (VAN $a-noynted) (PP (P for) (ADJP (ADJ deed))))))) (PUNC ,)) (ID CMKEMPE-M4,51.1159))
(PP (NP-MSR (NUM+N Seven-night)) (P after) (NP (D the) (N Fight))) (NP-TMP (D the) (ADJ very) (N Day) (PP (NP-MSR (N Fortnight)) (P before) (NP (NPR Michaelmas-Day)))) (NP (D the) (NPR Wednesday) (ADVP (NP-MSR (NUM+N seven-night)) (ADV after))) (NP-TMP (D this) (N day) (NP-TMP (N fortnigt))) (NP-TMP (NPR Saturday) (CP-ADV (IP-SUB (VBP come) ← by analogy to COME THE REVOLUTION (NP-SBJ (NUM+N senight))))) (NP-TMP (NPR Monday) (CP-REL (WNP-1 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) (ADVP-TMP (ADV last)) (BED was))) (NP-TMP (NUM+N sevenight)))
( (IP-INF (VB go) (CONJ and) (VB eat))) ( (IP-INF (IP-INF (VB go)) (CONJP (CONJ and) (IP-INF (VB make) (NP-OB1 (D a) (N reservation)))))) ( (IP-INF (VB go) (IP-INF-PRP (TO to) (VB eat)))) ( (IP-INF (VB go) (IP-INF-PRP (TO to) (VB make) (NP-OB1 (D a) (N reservation))))) ( (IP-IMP (VBI Let@) (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO @'s)) (VB go) (IP-INF-PRP (VB eat)))))
GONE is tagged as ADJ
Otherwise, GONE is tagged as VBN by default (even though this is arguably not correct in certain contexts - notably, WHILE clauses).
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (Q All) (PRO$ our) (N supplies)) (BEP are) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ gone)) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (MD will) (BE be) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ gone)) (PP (P for) (NP (D an) (N hour))) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-IMP (PP (P When) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (BEP am) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ gone))))) (VBI bury) (NP-ACC (PRO me)) (PP (P beside) (NP (PRO$ my) (N sweetheart))) (PUNC .))) ( (ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ far))) (ADJ gone) (CP-DEG (C that) (IP-SUB ...)))) ( (PP (P after / while) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you)) (BED were) (VBN gone))))) ( (IP-IMP (BEI Be) (VBN gone)))
( (PP (P before) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D+OTHER another) (NUM half) (N year)) (HVD had) (VBN passed))))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (HVD had) (VBN travailled) (NP-MSR (NP (NUM half) (N year)) (CONJP (CONJ and) (NP (QR more)))) (PUNC .))) ( (NP (NP (D a) (N year)) (CONJP (CONJ and) (NP (D a) (NUM half))))) ( (PP (P at) (NP (NUM half) (PP (P past) (NP (NUM two)))))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N king)) (VBD challenged) (NP-ACC (NUM half) (CP-REL (WNP-1 0) (C that) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) (BED was) (VAN won) (PP (P in) (NP (NPR Cypress)))))) (PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO You)) (MD need) (NEG not) (VB pull) (ADVP (NP-MSR (NUM half)) (ADVR so) (ADV hard)) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-ACC (PRO$ your) (N bounty)) (MD may) (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N man)) (VB praise) (NP-MSR (NUM half)) (PP (P unto) (NP (D the) (N value))) (PUNC .)))
HALF is tagged Q when it precedes a determiner or a possessive or when it acts adverbially (roughly comparable to PARTIALLY).
( (NP (Q half) (D a) (N year))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (HVD had) (VBN gotten) (NP-ACC (Q half) (D the) (N world)) (PUNC .))) ( (ADJP (Q half) (ADJ famished)))
Otherwise, HALF is tagged N. See also NP complement of N (NP-COM), and especially the discussion of HALF and similar nouns.
( (PP (P in) (NP (Q no) (N half)))) ( (NP (D the) (ADJ latter) (N half))) ( (NP (D this) (N half) ← HALF = SIDE (NP-COM (NPR Humber)))) ( (PP (P on) (NP (D this) (N half) ← HALF = SIDE (NP-COM (D the) (N sea)))))
( (IP-IMP (PP (P if) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you)) (VBP notice) (NP-OB1 (Q+N anything) (ADJP (ADJ strange)))))) (PUNC ,) (VBI let) (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO us)) (VB know)) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We)) (MD should) (VB ask) (CP-QUE-SUB (WQ if) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you)) (VBP notice) (NP-OB1 (Q+N anything) (ADJP (ADJ strange))))) (PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and) (NP-SBJ (PRO sche)) (VBD asked) (NP-OB1 (PRO him)) (CP-QUE-SUB (WQ +gif) (C +tat) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (BED were) (NP-PRD (D a) (N knyght)))) (PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (PP (P if) (FRAG (NEG not))) (NP-SBJ (PRO we)) (MD will) (VB find) (NP-OB1 (D+OTHER another) (N solution)) (PUNC .))) ( (NP (NUM two) (PP (P if) (FRAG (NEG not) (NP (NUM three)))) (NS years)))
( (NP (D +tat) (ADJ ilk) (N day))) ( (PP (P with) (NP (D +t@) (ADJ @ilke) (NPR Iuditha))))
ILKE is tagged Q when it means roughly EACH.
( (PP (P in) (NP (Q ilk) (N anger)))) ( (NP (Q ilk) (D a) (N man))) ( (NP (Q ilk) (ONE ane)))
(PP (P in) (NP (N order) (IP-INF (TO to) ← bare IP-INF, not IP-INF-PRP (VB grow) (NP-OB1 (NS apples)))))
(NP (D the) (N inside) (N track)) (PP (P on) (NP (D the) (N inside))) (PP (P inside) (NP (D the) (N house))) (PP (P inside) (PP (P of) (NP (D the) (N house))))
( (NP (D the) (ADJ last) (N chapter))) ( (PP (P at) (NP (D the) (ADJ last)))) ← note contrast with AT LAST ( (PP (P at) (ADVP (ADV last)))) ← note contrast with AT THE LAST ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (VBD read) (NP-OB1 (PRO it)) (ADVP-TMP (ADV last))))
( (IP-IMP (VBI Let@) (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO @'s)) (VB do) (NP-OB1 (PRO it))))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (VBD let) (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (NPR George)) (VB do) (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))
LET in the collocation LET (SOMEONE) BLOOD is treated as a Class II ditransitive.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N doctor)) (VBD let) (NP-OB2 (D the) (N patient)) (NP-OB1 (N blood)))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N patient)) (BED was) (VAN let) (NP-OB1 (N blood))))
(IP-IMP-PRN (VBI let) (IP-SMC (ADJP-PRD (ADJ alone)) (NP-SBJ ...)))
See also NP complement of ADJ.
(NP (D the) (ADJ like)) (NP (PRO$ his) (ADJ like)) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NS Dingos)) (VBP look) ← copular verb (ADJP-PRD (ADJ like) ← ordinary predicative ADJP (NP (NS dogs))) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (ADJP-SPR (ADJ Like) ← secondary predicate (NP (NS dogs))) (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (HVP have) ← ordinary verb (NP-OB1 (ADJ impressive) (NS canines)) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (HVD had) ← HAD LIKE (ADJP-PRD (ADJ like) (IP-INF (TO to) (HV have) (VBN killed) (NP-OB1 (PRO him)))) (PUNC .)))
See Single NP object
with LIKE and similar verbs (LACK, NEED, WANT).
LITTLE
See also NO LITTLE.
As a general rule, LITTLE is tagged ADJ when it can be replaced by SMALL or SHORT and as Q elsewhere.
( (NP (D a) (ADJ little) (N boy))) ( (NP (D a) (ADJ little) (N time / way / while))) ( (NP (D a) (ADJ little) (N bit) (PP (P of) (NP (N wine))))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (BEP are) (ADJP-PRD (ADVR too) (ADJ little)) (PUNC .))) ( (NP (Q little) (N work))) ( (NP (QP (ADVR too) (Q little)) (N work))) ( (ADJP (NP-MSR (Q little)) (ADJ worth))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (HVP have) (NP-OB1 (QP (ADVR too) (Q little)) (N bread)) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (VBP work) (NP-MSR (Q little)) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (VBP work) (NP-MSR (QP (ADVR too) (Q little))) (PUNC .)))
When the collocation
( (NP (NP-MSR (D a) (ADJ litel)) (N reste))) ( (NP (NP-MSR (D a) (ADJ littill)) (N wine))) ( (NP (NP-MSR (D a) (ADJP (ADV very) (ADJ little))) (N wine))) ( (ADJP (NP-MSR (D a) (ADJ little)) (ADJ surprised)))
( (NP (D a) (ADJ long) (N story))) ( (ADJP (NP-MSR (NUM five) (NS feet)) (ADJ long))) ( (ADVP-LOC (NP-MSR (NEG not) (ADJ long)) ← implicit N head (ADV behind))) ( (IP-INF (TO to) (HV have) (VBN lived) (ADVP-LOC (ADV here)) (NP-MSR (D the) (ADJS longest)))) ← implicit N head ( (NP-MSR (NP-MSR (Q all) (N day)) (ADJ long)))
( (IP-MAT (META (NP (CODE <font>) (NPR Ford) (PUNC .) (CODE <$$font>))) (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP make) (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ bold) (PUNC ,) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB presse) (PUNC ,) (PP (P with) (NP (QP (ADVR so) (Q little)) (N preparation))) (PP (P vpon) (NP (PRO you)))))) (PUNC .)) (ID SHAKESP-1599-E2-H,46.C1.382)) ( (IP-SUB (PP (P when) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N neede)) (BED was) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ great))))) (PUNC ,) (NP-SBJ (PRO hee)) (MD would) (VB make) (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ bold) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB use) (NP-OB1 (PRO him))))) (PUNC .)) (ID ARMIN-1608-E2-P1,24.295)) ( (IP-INF (TO to) (VB make) (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ merry))) (PP (P with) (NP (NP (PRO you)) (CONJP (CONJ and) (NP (PRO$ your) (N Wife))))) (PUNC .)) (ID RALEIGH-1600-E2-P1,218.193))
( (NP (QP (D a) (ADJ great) (Q many)) (NS problems)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*) (NP-OB2 (PRO Me@)) (VBP @thinks) (CP-THT-1 ...)))
Treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and in the later corpora.
When used as a sort of qualifier, MORE THAN is treated as a measure phrase as follows:
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (MD will) (BE be) (ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR (QR more) (PP (P than))) (ADJ happy) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB help) (NP-OB2 (PRO you)))) (PUNC .)))
Treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and in the later corpora.
MUCH
Treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and in the later corpora.
NAWIHT (see NOT)
NE
NE is tagged CONJ when used as a
conjunction (like NOR) and
NEG when used as negation
(like NOT).
NEAR
When used adverbially to mean ALMOST, NEAR and NIGH are tagged
ADV, and NEARER is tagged ADVR.
See also Number phrase (NUMP).
( (IP-MAT (CONJ for) (NP-SBJ (PRO hit)) (BEP ys) (NP-PRD (ADV nere) (N nyght))) (ID CMMALORY-M4,24.855)) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR kynge) (NPR Idres)) (BED was) (ADVP (ADV nere)) (VAN discomfited)) (ID CMMALORY-M4,24.744))
Otherwise, NEAR and NIGH are tagged ADJ, and NEARER is tagged ADJR. Depending on the meaning, they project a locative ADJP (ADJP-LOC) or a measure phrase (NP-MSR). See also NP complement of ADJ.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ But) (NP-SBJ (PRO thou)) (BEP arte) (ADJP-LOC (QR more) (ADJ nere) (NP (PRO $thy) (N deth)) (PP (P than) (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0) (IP-SUB (ADJP-LOC *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (BEP am)))))) (ID CMMALORY-M4,39.1246)) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Kyng) (NPR Edmunde)) (VBD went) (ADVP-TMP (ADV +to)) (ADJP-LOC (ADJ neir))) (ID CMBRUT3-M3,120.3642))
neither/CONJ God/NPR nor/CONJ man/N neither/CONJ is this the right answer . but neither/CONJ is this the right answer . neither/Q of them they couldn't do it neither/ADV .
(NP (ADV never) (D a) (N penny)) ← ADV, not NEG (ADJP (ADV never) (D the) (ADJR wiser)) ← like EVER THE BETTER
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (SUCH swich) (ADJ shamefast) (N folk)) (BEP been) (ADJP-LOC (ADJS next) (NP (N foryevenesse)))) (ID CMCTPARS-M3,323.C2.1523)) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N man)) (MD mai) (BE be) (ADJP-LOC (NP (NPR god)) (ADJS next))) (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,9.87))
NEXT with the meaning NEIGHBOR is tagged N.
( (IP-IMP (VBI Luue) (NP-ACC (PRO$ +dine) (N nexte) (PP (Q al) (P swa) (NP (PRO +de) (N seluen)))) (ID CMVICES1-M1,67.726))
All other uses of NEXT are tagged ADJS when NEXT is a prenominal modifier and ADVS otherwise. As an adverb, NEXT projects an ADVP-TMP, whether used in a strictly temporal sense or as a discourse sequencing particle.
( (NP (D the) (ADJS next) (N turn))) ( (NP-TMP (ADJS next) (NPR Sunday))) ( (IP-INF (TO to) (VB come) (ADVP-TMP (ADVS next)))) ( (PP (ADVS next) (P before) (NP (PRO$ his) (N death)))) ( (ADVP-TMP (NP-MSR (NUM three) (NS dayes)) (ADVS next) (PP (P before) (NP (NPR Easter))))) ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADVS Next)) (PUNC ,) (NP-SBJ (PRO we)) (VBP discuss) (NP-OB1 (N gravity))) (PUNC .))
( (IP-MAT (PUNC ') (QTP (INTJ No)) (PUNC ') (VBD said) (NP-SBJ (PRO she)) (PUNC .))) ( (NP (Q no) (N mention))) ( (NP-MSR (ADJP (Q no) (ADJR further / longer))))
( (NP (QP (NEG no) ← QP (without determiner or possessive pronoun) (Q little)) (N joy))) ( (NP (D the) (ADJP (NEG no) ← ADJP (with determiner or possessive pronoun) (ADJ little)) (N joy))) ( (NP (PRO$ their) (ADJP (NEG no) (ADJ little)) (N joy)))
( (NP-ADV (Q no) (N matter) (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP-1 (WPRO what)) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) (VBP happens))))) ( (NP-ADV (Q no) (N matter) (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP (WPRO what))))) ← sluicing
( (CP-QUE-SUB-ADV (WQ whether) (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (MD wole) (VB werke) (PP (P by) (NP (D that) (N conseil)))) (CONJP (CONJ or) (IP-SUB=1 (NEG noon))))))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (EX there)) (MD scholde) (HV a) (BEN be) (NP-1 (QR more) (N labor) (IP-INF (FOR for) (TO to) (VB sete) (RP done) (NP-OB1 (ADJ Flemeche) (N money))) (PP (P nor) (CP-CMP (WNP-2 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (MD can) (VB here) (PP (P of) (NP *T*-2))))))) (ID CELY,33.922))
In early texts where NAWIHT has not yet differentiated into NOT and NOUGHT, it is tagged Q if an object is required, and NEG otherwise, even when it occupies a position not usually associated with NOT.
and he him n@ @aue+t nawiht/NEG iholpen he him nawiht/NEG ne helpeth
( (CP-ADT (NEG Not) (C that) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP know))))
We love them notwithstanding/ADV. We love them, notwithstanding/P their various faults. We love them, notwithstanding/P that they are often late for appointments.
ON PURPOSE TO (see IN ORDER TO)( (ADVP-TMP (ADV now) (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0) (C 0 / that) (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (BEP are) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ trained))))))
( (NP-TMP (FP but) (NUM once))) ( (NP-TMP (NUM once) ← ONCE = head; MORE = posthead modifier (QP (QR more)))) ( (ADVP (NUM once) (ADV again))) ← ONCE = premodifer; AGAIN = head ( (ADVP (NUMP (ADV yet) (NUM once)) (ADV again)))
When ONCE introduces a subordinate clause, it is tagged P.
( (PP (P once) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you)) (HVP have) (NP-OB1 (D the) (N answer))))))
Otherwise, ONCE is tagged as a temporal adverb.
( (ADVP-TMP (ADV once) (PP (P upon) (NP (D a) (N time))))) ( (PP (P at) (ADVP (ADV once))))
For cases ambiguous between D and ONE, the default is AN (D).
ONE with the meaning ALONE is tagged ADJ.
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter)) (NP-SBJ (PRO ha)) (BED weren) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ ane)) (PP (P bi) (NP (PRO ham) (N seolf)))) (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.121.1545)) ( (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV $hu)) (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1) (NP-SBJ *con*) (CODE {COM:hise_deciples}) (VBD leafden) (NP-OB1 (PRO him)) (ADJP-SPR (ADJ ane)))) (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.84.1019))
When ONE means ONLY and follows the noun or pronoun it focuses or when it follows NOT to yield the meaning NOT ONLY, it is tagged FP.
wi+d-uten/P Crist/NPR ane/FP naht for hem seluen ane/FP +De mann ne leue+d naht $be bread ane/FP for +te nome of ester ne sei/VBP naut ane/FP ab scondita
Focus particle ONE can appear in the genitive (when modifying a genitive).
In all other uses (cardinal number, noun, pronoun, etc.), ONE is tagged with its own tag ONE (or ONES if marked for plural).& in his/PRO$ anes/FP seruise hare lif lea+de+d "and in the service of him alone [she] leads her life"
(NP (D a) (ADJ only) (N child)) (NP (FP only) (D a) (N child))
OTHER is tagged CONJ when it means either EITHER or OR.
( (PP (CONJ other) ← OTHER = EITHER (PP (P of) (NP (PRO$ his) (NS capons))) (CONJP (CONJ or) (PP (P of) (NP (PRO$ his) (N money)))))) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ other) ← OTHER = OR (ELSE els) (NP-SBJ (NUM two) (NS sydes)) (BEP bee) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ equall))))
Otherwise, it is tagged with its own tag OTHER. The tag OTHERS is used for clearly plural referents, even without overt plural marking. Under certain circumstances, the dollar tag appears directly on OTHER.
( (NP (Q all) (OTHER other) (ADJ good) (NS orders))) ( (NP (NP (D the) (ONE one)) (CONJP (CONJ and) (NP (D the) (OTHER other))))) ( (NP (Q each) (OTHER other))) ( (NP (NP-POS (D the) (OTHER$ others)) (N fynger))) ( (NP (Q many) (OTHERS other))) ( (PP (P on) (NP (OTHERS$ others) (NS shoulders))))
(PP (RP out) (P of) (NP (D the) (N country)))
Than was he passyng/ADV hevy and sir Percivale was passynge/ADV glad a passynge/ADV good knyght
PAST also has a prepositional use (P).( (NP (ADJ past) (NS times))) ( (NP (NS times) (ADJP (ADJ past)))) ( (NP-TMP (D this) (ADJ past) (NPR Wednesday))) ( (NP-TMP (NPR Wednesday) ← like the following rather than the preceding (ADJP (ADJ past)))) ( (NP-TMP (NPR Wednesday) (RRC (ADVP-TMP (ADV last)) (VBN past)))) ← active, not passive ( (ADVP-TMP (NP-MSR (NUM three) (NS days)) ← like AGO (ADV past)))
( (PP (P past) (NP (PRO$ their) (N bedtime))))
( (IP-MAT (MD May) (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO it)) (VB please) (NP-OB2 (PRO you)) (IP-INF-1 (TO to) (VB send) (NP-OB2 (PRO me)) (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N trunke))) (PUNC ,)) (ID BASIRE,256.632)) ( (IP-MAT (MD Maye) (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO yt)) (VB please) (NP-OB2 (PRO$ her) (N Ma=tie=)) (CP-THT-1 (C that) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (MD may) (VB knowe) (NP-OB1 (PRO$ her) (N pleasure)))) (ID ORIGIN2,200.654)) ( (IP-MAT (VBP Please) (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO yt)) (NP-OB2 (PRO$ your) (N Highnesse)) (IP-INF-1 (TO to) (VB understand) (CP-THT (C that) (IP-SUB (NP-TMP (D the) (ADJ xiiij=th=.) (N day) (PP (P of) (NP (D this) (N Month)))) (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBD wrote) (PP (P to) (NP (PRO$ your) (N Grace))) (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (ADJ last) (NS Lettres))))) (PUNC ,)) (ID ORIGIN1,139.808))
More commonly, however, a finite clause following PLEASE appears without an overt complementizer. In this case, the clause containing PLEASE is treated as a parenthetical, and the clause following it as the matrix clause.
( (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-PRN (VBP Pleas) (NP-SBJ (PRO itt)) (NP-OB2 (PRO$ your) (N Grace))) (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (HVP have) (NP-TMP (D thys) (N daye)) (VBN visite) (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N Lady) (NP-PRN (NPR Margarite))) (PUNC ,)) (ID ORIGIN1,157.958)) ( (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-PRN (MD Maye) (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (VB please) (NP-OB2 (PRO$ your) (N Honor))) (PUNC ,) (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBD commytted) (NP-OB1 (D the) (N Keper) (PP (P of) (NP (D the) (ADJ same) (N Game)))) (PP (P to) (NP (N warde)))) (ID ORIGIN2,256.740))
The expression PLEASE GOD is treated the same way, except that the subject is expletive and PLEASE is subjunctive (though not overtly tagged as such).
( (IP-MAT ... (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ *exp*) (VBP pleas) (NP-OB2 (NPR God))) ...))
( (NP (ADJ great) (N plenty) (PP (P of) (NP (N wine))))) ( (NP (N wine) (NP-MSR (ADJ great) (N plenty))))
STORE is treated in the same way.
Plurale tantum
For simplicity, the following items are invariably tagged NS,
even when construed with a singular determiner (THIS, THAT) or with
singular agreement.
DATA, MEANS, NEWS
POST
( (IP-INF (TO to)
(VB arrive)
(NP-ADV (N post))))
PRAY (including PRITHEE)
Apparent uses of PRAY as an interjection are treated as parenthetical clauses
with silent arguments (see below).
PRAY (and similar verbs like BESEECH, BID, CHARGE, CONJURE, ENTREAT, REQUIRE, SAY) can take IP-INF or CP-THT complements. In both cases, the (linearly) first object is labeled NP-OB2.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP pray) (NP-OB2 (PRO you)) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB come) (ADVP (ADV quickly))) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP pray) (NP-OB2 (PRO you)) (CP-THT (C that) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you)) (VBP come) (ADVP (ADV quickly)))) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP pray) (NP-OB2 (NPR God)) (CP-THT (C that) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you)) (VBP recover) (ADVP (ADV quickly)))) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP pray) (CP-THT (C that) ← no object necessary with CP-THT (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you)) (VBP come / recover) (ADVP (ADV quickly)))) (PUNC .)))
In cases without an overt complementizer or infinitival TO, the proper analysis is often not clear. By convention, such cases are matched against the following possible structures; the first one that fits is applied.
( (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP pray) (NP-OB2 (PRO you))) (VBI protect) (NP-OB1 (PRO me)))) ( (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP pray) (NP-OB2 (PRO$ your) (NS lordships))) (VBI protect) (NP-OB1 (PRO me)))) ( (IP-IMP (VBI protect) ← unambiguous parenthetical for comparison (NP-OB1 (PRO me)) (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP pray) (NP-OB2 (PRO you)))) ( (IP-IMP (VBI protect) ← unambiguous parenthetical for comparison (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP pray) (NP-OB2 (PRO you))) (NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJ innocent))))
Such imperatives can occur within a relative clause (usually a clause-adjoined relative).
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he) (CP-REL *ICH*-1)) (MD wyll) (VB shew) (NP-OB2 (PRO yow)) (NP-OB1 (QR more) (NS spechalltes)) (CP-REL-1 (WPP-2 (P to) (WNP (WPRO whom))) (C 0) (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP beseke) (NP-OB2 (PRO yow))) (VBI gyue) (NP-OB1 (N credens)) (PP (P vnto) (PP *T*-2))))) (ID BRERETO,87.533)) ( (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (VBP cost) (PUNC ,) (CP-CAR (WNP-2 (WPRO which)) (C 0) (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP pray) (NP-OB2 (PRO you))) (VBI let) (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2) (NP-SBJ (PRO me)) (VB know) (PP (P by) (NP (PRO$ your) (ADJS next))))))) (ID CHAMBER,574.2675))
The subject and/or the object of the parenthetical can be silent.
( (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP pray)) ← missing object (VBI protect) (NP-OB1 (PRO me)))) ( (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ *pro*) ← missing subject and object (VBP pray)) (VBI protect) (NP-OB1 (PRO me))))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP pray) (CP-THT (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR God)) (VBP protect) (NP-OB1 (PRO you))))))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP pray) (NP-OB2 (PRO her)) (IP-INF (TO *) (VB protect) (NP-OB1 (PRO you)))))
( (IP-INF (TO to) (VB get) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ rid) (PP (P of) (NP (Q+N something))))))
( (LATIN (FW Rx.) (FW Diasenae) (CODE {COM:dram_symbol}) (FW j.) (FW ss.) (FW Sirr.) (FW fumariae) (PUNC ,) (CODE {COM:ounce_symbol}) (FW j.) (FW Aquae) (FW scabiosae) (PUNC ,) (CODE {COM:ounce_symbol}) (FW iij.)) (ID CLOWESOBS-1596-E2-P2,41.24)) ( (IP-IMP (VBI (FW Rx.)) (NP-OB1 (NUM two) (NS spoonefuls) (PP (P of) (NP (ADJ French) (N barly)))) (PUNC ,)) (ID CLOWESOBS-1596-E2-P2,41.37))
( (PP (P in) (NP (D the) (ADJ same) (N way) (PP (P as) ← CP-CMP with AS (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0) (C that) (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (DOP do) (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))))) ( (PP (P in) (NP (D the) (ADJ same) (N way) (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0) ← CP-REL with THAT (C that) (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (DOP do) (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))))
all save/P one alle the remenaunt of Normandy , savyng/P Chyrborowe ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou)) (VBP wost) (ADVP-TMP (ADV neuer)) (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP (WPRO what)) (PUNC ,) (PP (P sauyng) (CP-THT (C +tat) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou)) (VBP felist) (PP (P in) (NP (PRO$ +ti) (N wille))) (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ nakid) (N entent) (PP (P vnto) (NP (NPR God))))))))) (ID CMCLOUD-M3,17.76))
(NP-ADV (N+N$ sideways)) ← WAYS = old adverbial genitive
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (VBD dropped) (RP off) (PP (P to) ← PP, not IP-INF (NP (N sleep)))))
( (IP-INF (ADVP (ADV so)) (TO to) (VB say))) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and) (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (MD must) (BE be) (ADVP (ADV so)) (VAN acknowledged) (PP (P by) (NP (D the) (N world))) (PUNC .)))
When SO has a pure manner sense and immediately precedes a finite AS clause, the entire AS clause is treated as a PP, and SO as a premodifier. When SO has this sense, it is optional, and the entire construction can be paraphrased as IN THE WAY THAT. This construction is essentially restricted to Middle English.
( (IP-IMP (DOI Do) (NP-OB1 (D the) (N work)) (PP (ADV so) ← like this (P as) (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBD said)))) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-IMP (DOI Do) (NP-OB1 (D the) (N work)) (ADVP (ADV so) ← not like this (PP (P as) (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBD said))))) (PUNC .)))
When SO in SO AS clauses has a degree sense, it is tagged ADVR if it modifies an adjective or other adverb and as P otherwise. In both cases, AS is tagged as a preposition (P) taking a CP-DEG or bare IP-INF complement.
( (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ big) (PP (P as) (CP-DEG (C that / 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (VBD made) (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash))))))) ( (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ big) (PP (P as) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB make) (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash)))))) ( (ADJP (ADJ big) (ADVP (ADVR enough) (PP (P so) (PP (P as) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB make) (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash)))))))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (VBD worked) (ADVP (ADV very) (ADV hard)) (PP (P so) (PP (P as) (CP-DEG (C that / 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (VBD made) (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash)))))) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) (VBD worked) (ADVP (ADV very) (ADV hard)) (PP (P so) (PP (P as) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB make) (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash))))) (PUNC .)))
SO introducing purpose and result clauses is labeled P with a CP-ADV complement. The complementizer may be silent, in which case the meaning is often more akin to AS LONG AS than to SO THAT. However, the two meanings are not always clearly distinct, and they are not distinguished in the annotation.
( (IP-IMP (VBI Turn) (RP on) (NP-OB1 (D the) (N light)) (PP (P so) (CP-ADV (C that / 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we)) (MD can) (VB see) (ADVP (ADVR better))))) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And) (NP-SBJ (D the) (NUM .iij.) (N part) (PP (P toward) (NP (D the) (NPR Septentrion)))) (BEP is) (ADJP-PRD (ADV full) (ADJ cold)) (PP (P so) (CP-ADV (C +tat) (IP-SUB (PP (P for) (NP (NP (ADJ pure) (N cold)) (CONJP (CONJ &) (NP (ADJ contynuell) (N frost))))) (NP-SBJ (D the) (N water)) (VBP becometh) (NP-PRD (N Cristall))))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMMANDEV-M3,104.2529))
( (NP (D the) (NPR Son))) ← NPR because unique entity ( (NP (D the) (NPR Son) ← NPR because unique entity (PP (P of) (NP (NPR God)))) ( (NP (D the) (N Son))) ← N (cf. THE WAR OF THE ROSES) (PP (P of) (NP (N Man))))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (BEP is) (ADVP-TMP (ADV still)) (ADVP-LOC (ADV there)) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (VBD lay) (ADVP-LOC (ADV there)) (ADJP-SPR (ADV quite) (ADJ still)) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (VBD lay) (ADVP-LOC (ADV there)) (ADVP-TMP (ADV still)) ← default (PUNC .)))
( (NP (SUCH such) (N joy))) ( (NP (SUCH such) (ADJ difficult) (NS problems))) ( (NP (SUCH such) (D a) (N surprise))) ( (NP (SUCH such) (D a) (ADJ big) (N surprise)))
Any complements of SUCH attach as close to it and as high as the overt syntax allows.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (SUCH such) (NS problems) (PP (P as) (NP (PRO$ yours)))) (MD can) (BE be) (VAN solved) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (SUCH such) (NS problems) (PP (P as) (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) (VBP arose))))) (BED were) (VAN solved) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (FP only) (SUCH such) (NS foods) (PP *ICH*-1)) (MD will) (BE be) (VAN sold) (PP-1 (P as) (NP (NS nuts) (CONJ and) (NS berries))) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (FP only) (SUCH such) (NS problems) (PP *ICH*-1)) (MD should) (VB arise) (PP-1 (P as) (CP-CMP (WNP-2 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2) (NP-SBJ we) (MD can) (VB solve)))) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and) (NP-SBJ *con*) (BED was) (PP (P in) (NP (SUCH such) (D a) (N case) (PP (P of) (NP (N joy))) (PUNC ,) (CP-DEG (C that) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ=1 (PRO it)) (BED was) (NP-PRD (Q no) (N boot)) (IP-INF-1 (TO to) (VB bid) (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO him)) (VB make) (NP-OB1 (N hast)))))))) (PUNC :)) (ID ARMIN-1608-E2-H,10.90)) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He)) (BEP is) (NP-PRD (D a) (N man) (PP (P of) (NP (SUCH suche) (N charite) (PP (P as) (CP-DEG (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (HVP have) (NEG not) (VBN seen) (NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJ like)))))))) (PUNC .)) (ID BEDYLL-1537-E1-H,1.2,77.8))
Postnominal SUCH projects an ADJP. Unlike in the case of postnominal ENOUGH, complements of postnominal SUCH are treated as daughters of the ADJP.
( (NP (ADJ other) (NS considerations) (ADJP (SUCH such) ← like this (PP (P as) (NP ...))))) ( (NP (ADJP (ADJ other)) (NS considerations) (ADJP (SUCH such)) ← not like this (PP (P as) (NP ...))))))
( (PP (P of / on) (NP (D a / the) (ADJ sudden))))
As an R-pronoun, THERE is tagged as ADV. R-pronoun
compounds (THEREFORE, THEREON, etc.) are
treated as written.
TONE (= THE + ONE) is tagged D+ONE even in the presence of
another determiner. See also TOTHER.
TOTHER (= THE + OTHER) is tagged D+OTHER even in the
presence of another determiner. See also TONE.
THEREFORE
THEREFORE is tagged ADV+P in all readings, like any other
preposition with an R-pronoun.
THILKE
THRICE
TIMES
( (NUMP (NP-MSR (NUM three) (NS times))
(NUM five)))
( (NUMP (NP-MSR (NUMP (NUM fif) (N si+de))) ← five times ten
(NUM tene))))
(ID CMKATHE-M1,31.194))
( (NUMP (NP-MSR (NUMP (ADV Rihht) (NUM ehhte)) ← right eight times a hundred
(N si+te))
(D an) (NUM hunndredd))
(ID CMORM-M1,I,149.1233))
TO THE END THAT
The THAT complement of END is tagged CP-THT rather
than CP-ADV. Cf. BY CAUSE
THAT when written apart.
TO THE INTENT THAT (see TO THE END THAT)
Treated like TO THE END THAT.
TODO
TODAY
TOMORROW
TOMORROW is tagged as N, not ADV, because it has a
possessive.
TONE
(NP (D+ONE thone) (N Halfe))
(NP (D The) (D+ONE tone))
TONIGHT
TOO
TOO is tagged ADVR in degree contexts and ADV when it
means ALSO.
( (ADJP (ADVR too) (ADJ happy)))
( (NP (QP (ADVR too) (Q much))
(N cake)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
(VBP like)
(NP-OB1 (PRO them))
(ADVP (ADV too))
(PUNC .)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We)
(ADVP (ADV too)))
(VBP like)
(NP-OB1 (PRO Them))
(PUNC .)))
TOTHER
( (NP (D+OTHER th'other)))
( (NP (D the) (D+OTHER tother)))
TOWER
When referring to the Tower of London, TOWER is always tagged
NPR, regardless of whether it is modified by OF LONDON or not.
Note the difference with CITY.
TREBLE
Treated as ordinal number).
TRIPLE
Treated as ordinal number).
TRY (AND) ...
The annotation of the TRY (AND) ... construction depends on whether AND
is present. With AND, the construction is treated as an instance of
conjunction. Without AND, TRY takes a bare
infinitive complement (unlike GO in the GO (AND)
... construction, which licenses
a purpose infinitive.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We)) (MD will) (VB (VB try) (CONJ and) (VB eat)))) ( (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO We)) (MD will) (VB try)) (CONJP (CONJ and) (IP-MAT=1 (VB make) (NP-OB1 (D a) (N reservation)))))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We)) (MD will) (VB try) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB eat)))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We)) (MD will) (VB try) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB make) (NP-OB1 (D a) (N reservation)))))
When used as adjectives, combinations with -WARD (BACKWARD, DOWNWARD, INWARD, OUTWARD, UPWARD) are treated as unitary adjectives.
Combinations with -WARD that are used as prepositions (FROWARD, TOWARD, etc.) are tagged as unitary prepositions.
All other uses and occurrences are tagged with WARD, which is either part of a complex POS tag (ADV+WARD, N+WARD, NPR+WARD, RP+WARD, etc.) or a separate tag, depending on whether -WARD is spelled as a separate orthographic word. In the latter case, the -WARD is a sister of the immediately preceding word.
The first part of a -WARD compound is tagged RP only if it is on the list of adverbial particles.
( (NP (D a) (ADJ northwarde) (N declination))) ( (NP (D its) (N declination) (NP-DIR (N+WARD northwarde)))) ← NP-DIR by default ( (ADVP-DIR (ADV+WARD forward)))
( (ADVP-DIR (ADV+WARD +tedir-ward))) ( (ADVP-DIR (RP+WARD towarde) (CONJ and) (ADV+WARD forwardes))) ( (PP (P+D+ADJ+N+WARD to-+te-holy-place-warde))) ( (PP (P+PRO$+NPR+WARD to-owr-Lord-ward))) ( (PP (P tyll) (NP (NPR+WARD Jhesuwarde)))) ( (PP (P to) (NP (D the) (NS justes) (WARD ward)))) ( (PP (P to) (NP (PRO$ thy) (NS dethe) (WARD ward)))) ( (IP-MAT (CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (PUNC ') (CONJ But) (WADVP-1 (WADV+WARD whotherward)) (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-DIR *T*-1) (VBP ryde) (NP-SBJ (PRO ye)))) (PUNC ?) (PUNC ') (VBD seyde) (NP-SBJ (NPR Merlion)) (PUNC .)) (ID CMMALORY-M4,55.1802)) ( (IP-MAT-SPE (ADVP (ADV Treuly)) (CONJ and) (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (MD schal) (ADVP-TMP (ADV neuyr)) (VB turne) (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N face)) (PP (P fro) (NP (PRO him) (WARD ward))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMCAPCHR-M4,115.2571))
( (NP (Q no) (N yarn) (NP-PRN (CP-FRL (WNP (WPRO whatever)))))) ← sluicing
( (IP-IMP (PP (P When) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you)) (VBP notice) (NP-OB1 (Q+N anything) (ADJP (ADJ strange)))))) (PUNC ,) (VBI let) (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO us)) (VB know)) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We)) (MD should) (VB ask) (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV when)) (C 0) (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (ADVP-TMP (ADV first)) (VBP noticed) (NP-OB1 (Q+N something) (ADJP (ADJ strange))))) (PUNC .))) ( (NP (Q many) (NS times) (CP-REL (WADVP-1 (WADV when)) (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) (VBP visit)))))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and) (NP-SBJ *con*) (VBD axede) (ADVP-LOC (ADV +tere)) (PP (P of) (NP (D an) (ADJ holy) (N man) (CP-REL (WNP-1 0) (C +tat) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) (BED was) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ solitaire)))))) (PUNC ,) (CP-QUE-SUB (WQ where) (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-2 (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (MD my+gte) (VB overcome) (NP-OB1 (D +te/D) (NPRS Longobardus))) (CONJP (CONJ o+ter) (IP-SUB=2 (NEG no)))))) (ID CMPOLYCH-M3,VI,109.757)) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and) (NP-SBJ (PRO we)) (VBP witen) (NEG not) (CP-QUE-SUB (WQ wer) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hit)) (BEP be) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ ri+gt))))) (ID CMWYCSER-M3,245.393))
As an R-pronoun, WHERE is tagged as WADV. R-pronoun
compounds (WHEREFORE, WHEREON, etc.) are
treated as written.
See also IF.
WHETHER
WHETHER OR NO
Depending on its position in the larger structure, OR NO is
treated as ordinary gapping or
backwards gapping. NO
also appears in the variant forms NONE or NOT.
( (CP-QUE-SUB (WQ Whether) (C 0 / that) (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (VBP rains)) (CONJP (CONJ or) ← ordinary gapping (IP-SUB=1 (NEG no)))))) ( (CP-QUE-SUB-ADV (WQ Whether) (CONJP (CONJ or) ← backwards gapping; note the position before C, which can be overt (IP-SUB=1 (NEG no))) (C 0 / that) (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO it)) (VBP rains)))))
( (IP-IMP (CONJ and) (PP (P whil) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N slep)) (BEP is) (PP (P on) (NP (PRO here)))))) (PUNC ,) (VBI let) (IP-INF (VB cleue) (PP (P to) (NP (PRO$ here) (NS ribbes))) (NP-SBJ (Q sum) (N sentence) (PP (P of) (NP (ADJ holy) (NS wrytyngges))))) (PUNC ,)) (ID CMAELR3-M23,31.134)) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &) (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (NS men)) (VBD toke) (NP-OB1 (NPR$ Machometes) (N swerd)) (PP (RP out) (P of) (NP (PRO$ his) (N schethe))) (PP (P whils) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (VBD slepte))))) (ID CMMANDEV-M3,91.2254))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we)) (MD moten) (VB idre+gan) (NP-OB1 (PRO$ ure) (N wil)) (NP-MSR (D +te) (N hwile) (CP-REL (WNP-1 0) (C +te) (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO we)) (BEP beo+d) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ +gunge))))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,29.348)) ( (IP-IMP (VBI Fle) (NP-OB1 (NP (ADJ delicat) (NS metes)) (CONJP (CONJ and) (NP (ADJ doucet) (NS drinkes)))) (NP-MSR (Q al) (D the) (N while) (CP-REL (WNP-1 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO thou)) (BEP art) (NEG not) (ADJP-PRD (ADJ syke))))) (PUNC ;)) (ID CMAELR4-M4,8.206))
( (PP (P with) ← default = this structure (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D a) (N feather)) (PP (P in) (NP (PRO$ his) (N hat)))))) ( (PP (P with) ← not this structure (NP (D a) (N feather) (PP (P in) (NP (PRO$ his) (N hat))))))
When WORTH means VALUE, it is tagged N. Otherwise, it is tagged ADJ.
See also NP complement of ADJ.( (NP (D an) (N object) (PP (P of) (NP (ADJ great) (N worth))))) ( (ADJP (ADJ worth) (NP (NUM ten) (NS dollars))))
( (ADJP (ADJ worth) (NP (NUM ten) (NS shillings)))) ( (ADJP (ADJ worth) (NP (N watching)))) ← bare gerund ( (ADJP (ADJ worth) (IP-PPL (VAG starting) (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ fresh) (N sheet))))) ( (ADJP (ADJ worth) (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0) (IP-PPL (VAG starting) (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ fresh) (N sheet)) (PP (P for) (NP *T*-1))))))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *pro*) (VBD wold) (NP-OB2 (NPR God)) (CP-THT (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (HVD had) (NP-OB1 (NP-MSR (D a) (N$ monthes)) (N companye)) (ADVP-LOC (ADV ther))))) (ID ALLEN,15.110)) ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *pro*) (VBD wuld) (NP-OB2 (NPR God)) (CP-THT (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye)) (MD cowd) (VB know) (NP-OB1 (PRO yt)) (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV veryly) (PP (P as) (CP-CMP (WADVP-5 0) (C 0) (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-5) (NP-SBJ (PRO y)) (VBP thynke) (NP-OB1 (PRO yt))))))))) (ID ORIGIN1,47.280))
( (NP (ADV yet) (D+OTHER another) (N example))) ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV yet)) ← adversative, not temporal (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (ADVP (ADV hardly)) (VB know) (NP-OB1 (PRO her)) (PUNC .))) ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (ADVP (ADV hardly)) (VB know) (NP-OB1 (PRO her)) (ADVP-TMP (ADV yet)) ← temporal (PUNC .)))
( (NP (NP (PRO they)) (CONJP (CONJ ne) (NP (FP yet) (Q ony) (PP (P of) (NP (PRO them)))))))
( (NP (D yonder) (ADJ pryvy) (N posterne)) (ID CMMALORY-M4,24.143)) ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for) (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) (VBP see) (ADVP-LOC (ADV yondir)) (NP-OB1 (D a) (N kynge)) (PUNC .)) (ID CMMALORY-M4,24.755))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-ACC (NPR Godd)) (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (VBD unwur+dede) (PP (P +da) (CP-ADV (C +ta) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) (VBD +dolede) (CP-THT (C +dat) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N wi+derwine)) (NP-ACC (PRO him)) (VBD ouercam) (PUNC ,) (PP (P wi+d-uten) (NP (N streng+te)))))))) (PUNC .)) (ID CMVICES1-M1,115.1414))