Empty categories and resumptive elements

In general, empty categories are treated the same way as overt ones except that they do not contain lexical material. In addition, missing material is sometimes added in curly brackets and labeled CODE to make the structure more transparent. This is most often done in connection with elision in comparative clauses, but it is not part of the annotation, strictly speaking..

Empty subject

There are four types of empty subject:

Subject elided under conjunction (*con*)

Subjects elided under conjunction are annotated as *con*. Our system requires subjects in most clause types, and so elided subjects are indicated in both main clause tokens and in conjoined subordinate clauses. The empty subject of a matrix clause must be coreferential with the subject of the previous token in order to be treated as *con* (though the clause needn't contain an overt CONJ); otherwise, it is treated as *pro*. 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-SBJ (PRO he))		← first token with overt subject
          (VBD made)
          (NP-OB2 (PRO them))
          (NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N chere))
          (PP (RP out)
              (P of)
              (NP (N mesure))))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.13))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-SBJ *con*)		← following token with elided subject
          (VBD desyred)
          (IP-INF (TO to)
                  (HV have)
                  (VBN lyen)
                  (PP (P by)
                      (NP (PRO her))))
          (PUNC ,))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.14))




( (CP-ADV (C that)
          (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                          (VBD came)
                          (PP (P to)
                              (NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Uther) (NPR Pendragon))))
                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)		← elided subject in IP-SUB
                                 (VBD told)
                                 (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
                                 (CP-THT (C 0)
                                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                                 (HVD had)
                                                 (VBN met)
                                                 (PP (P with)
                                                     (NP (NPR Merlyn)))))))))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,3.64))

Empty expletive subject (*exp*)

Empty expletives are annotated as *exp*. They are always subjects, and they occur in three constructions:

Impersonal construction

See also Impersonal NEED, SHAME, WOE and NP-OB2 with impersonal verb. 

( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *exp*)
          (NP-OB2 (D +te) (N heorte))
          (VBP like+d))
  (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.211.3033))

( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *exp*)
          (NP-OB2 (PRO +te))
          (VBP wonte+d)
          (PP (PP (P of)
                  (NP (N halinesse)))
              (CONJP (CONJ &)
                     (PP (P of)
                         (NP (ADJ gastliche) (NS +teawes))))))
  (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.202.2894))

Arbitrary subject in ECM infinitive (*arb*)

The arbitrary subject of the infinitival complement of an ECM verb is labeled *arb*. Though arbitrary in reference, this subject is not PRO, but rather corresponds to a BY phrase in the passive. The construction in question was lost in the transition from Middle English to Early Modern English, and the formally active infinitive was replaced by the corresponding passive (The king made build a castle → The king made a castle be built). 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
          (ADVP (ADV soo))
          (PP (P by)
              (NP (D the) (N counceil)
                  (PP (P of)
                      (NP (NPR Merlyn)))))
          (NP-SBJ (D the) (N kyng))
          (VBD lete)
          (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
                  (VB calle)
                  (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (NS barons))
                  (PP (P to)
                      (NP (N counceil))))
          (PUNC ,))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,14.419))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-SBJ (PRO +tei))
	  (DOP do)			← default causative in Middle English
	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)          (rather than periphrastic)
                  (VB paue)
                  (NP-OB1 (PRO hem))))
  (ID CMMANDEV-M3,17.408))

Other empty subject (*pro*)

An empty subject that is not coreferential with the subject of the previous clause is annotated as *pro*. In some early texts, this appears to represent true pro-drop, though it is not common even there, but *pro* can also indicate scribal error. In any event, the annotation is not intended to represent a systematic analysis, but only that an empty subject is not coreferential with that in the previous sentence token or conjunct. 

( (CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
		  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-VOC (NPR Edmond))
                              (PUNC ,)
                              (VBP knowyst)
                              (NP-SBJ *pro*)		← THOU
                              (NEG not)
                              (NP-OB1 (PRO me)))
		  (PUNC ?)
		  (PUNC '))
  (ID CMEDMUND-M4,165.46))




( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (PP (P for)
              (NP (D +dare) (ADJ euele) (N +gewune)))
          (NEG ne)
          (VBP +dinc+d)
          (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
          (NP-OB2 (PRO hem))
          (NP-OB1 (Q no) (N misdade))
	  (PUNC ,))
  (ID CMVICES1-M1,79.910))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-SBJ *pro*)            ← NP-OB2 from preceding token
          (BEP bie+d)
          (VAN ihealden)
          (PP (PP (P for)
                  (NP (ADJ wise) (NS menn)))
              (CONJP (CONJ and)
                     (PP (P for)
                         (NP (ADJ +geape)))))
	  (PUNC .))
  (ID CMVICES1-M1,79.911))




( (IP-MAT (PP (P A)
              (NP (NPR$ domes) (NPR dai)))
          (MD sulle)
          (NP-SBJ (NP (NS buckes))
                  (PUNC .)
                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                         (NP (D +te) (NS get))))
          (CODE {parenthetical_clause_omitted})
          (PUNC .)
          (VB stonden)
          (PP (P an)
              (NP (NP-POS (PRO$ ure) (NPR louerd)
                          (NP-PRN (NPR ihesu) (NPR$ crist@))
			  ($ @es))
                  (ADJ lift) (N hond)))
	  (PUNC .))
  (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,37.508))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-SBJ *pro*)        ← URE LOUERD IHESU CRIST from preceding token
          (NP-OB1 (PRO hem))
          (MD sal)
          (VB senden)
          (PP (P into)
              (NP (D +tat) (ADJ eche) (N fur)
                  (PP (P on)
                      (NP (NPR helle)))))
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP (Q alle) (NS deflen)))
	  (PUNC .))
  (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,37.509))

*pro* can also occur in non-conjoined subordinate clauses, where it is usually coreferential with the subject of the matrix clause. 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-SBJ (Q euch) (N her))
          (VBP +tunche+d)
          (CP-THT (C +tt)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *pro*)		← EUCH HER
                          (VBP stont)
                          (PP (P in)
                              (NP (PRO$ his) (N heaued)))
                          (RP up)))
          (PUNC ;))
  (ID CMSAWLES-M1,169.47))

*pro* is unexpectedly common in later stages of the language because the understood first-person singular subject is often missing in conventionalized formulas like PRAY, PRITHEE, THANK GOD, and THANK YOU.

Trace

We indicate several kinds of traces, including traces of wh-movement, A-movement, and other movement. The label on the trace indicates its category, and all traces are coindexed with their antecedents. Not all instances of movement are explicitly indicated. In particular, we do not distinguish raising from subject control, and infinitive clauses generally do not contain subject traces. See Infinitival clause for details.

In general, only movement of phrases is annotated. Stylistic fronting of quantifiers is treated as phrasal. The few exceptions to this rule are discussed elsewhere:

Trace of wh- movement (*T*)

Wh- traces are annotated as *T*. See Types of subordinate clauses for clause types in which movement is assumed. See also Position of trace. 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-SBJ *con*)
          (VBD asked)
          (NP-OB2 (D the) (N kynge))
          (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV why))             ← antecedent
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)	       ← coindexed wh- trace
                              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                              (BED was)
                              (ADJP-PRD (ADJ seke))))
          (PUNC .))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,3.43))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (ADVP-LOC (ADV ther))
          (NP-SBJ (NPR Merlyn))
          (VBD asked)
          (NP-OB2 (NPR Ulfius))
          (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP-1 (WPRO whome))             ← antecedent
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)           ← coindexed wh- trace
                              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                              (VBD soughte)))
          (PUNC ,))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,3.50))

Pied piping

In pied-piping contexts, embedded wh- constituents recursively project a wh- feature all the way up to the phrase that is immediately dominated by CP. This can result in the categories WIP (and even WCP). 

( (NP (D a)
      (N problem)
      (CP-REL (WNP-1 (D the)
                     (N solution)
                     (WPP (P to)
                          (WNP (WPRO which))))
              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)                   ← trace first in IP
	              (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                      (VBP remember)))))

( (NP (D a)
      (N problem)
      (CP-REL (WPP-1 (P to)
                     (WNP (WPRO which)))
              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                      (VBP remember)
		      (NP-OB1 (D the)
                              (N solution)
                              (PP *T*-1))))))          ← trace last in NP

( (CP-CAR (WPP-3 (P till)
		 (WCP-ADV (WNP-2 (WPRO which))
			  (C 0)
			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
				  (BEP be)
				  (RP over))))
	  (C 0)
	  (PUNC ,)
	  (IP-SUB (PP *T*-3)
		  (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
	   	  (MD will)
		  (VB hear)
		  (NP-MSR (ADJP (Q no) (ADJR farther)))
		  (PP (P of)
		      (NP (N Business))))
	  (PUNC .))
  (ID FRYER-1677-E3-P1,1,204.94))

In clause-adjoined relatives (CP-CAR), wh- phrases can occur without being associated with a trace, in which case their label exceptionally gets a dash tag. 

( (CP-CAR (WPP-4 (P In)
  		 (WIP-PPL (WNP-OB1 (WPRO which))	← exceptional dash tag
	   		  (DAG doing)))
	  (C 0)
	  (PUNC ,)
	  (IP-SUB (PP *T*-4)
		  (NP-SBJ (D this) (ADJ worthy) (NPR Nicolaus))
		  (VBD folowed)
		  (NP-OB1 (D the)
		          (NS steppes)
		          (PP (P of)
			      (NP (ADJ good)
				  (ADJ olde)
				  (NPR S.)
				  (CODE <P_54V>)
				  (NPR Nicolaus)
				  (PUNC ,)
				  (NP-PRN (D that) (ADJ learned) (N Bishop))))))
	  (PUNC .))
  (ID ASCH-1566-E1-H,54V.147))

( (CP-CAR (WPP-2 (WPP (P After)
  		      (WIP-PPL-ABS (WNP-SBJ (WD w=c=) (N seruice))  ← exceptional dash tag
				   (BAG being)
 				   (VAN ended)))
		 (CONJP (CONJ &)
			(ADVP (ADV before))))
	  (C 0)
	  (PUNC ,)
	  (IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
		  (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO I))
		  (BED was)
		  (VAN appointed)
		  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
			  (NP-PRD (N Chirurgian))))
	  (PUNC :))
  (ID CLOWES-1602-E2-P1,6.53))

Clausal pied piping is an analysis of last resort. In particular, if a token can be treated as involving simple extraction from an adjunct (a possibility that independently motivated in the corpora), that analysis is the default. This is similar in spirit to our treatment of tokens that are ambiguous between an analysis with extraction and one with a parenthetical clause. 

( (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO wich))			 ← like this
	  (C 0)
	  (IP-SUB (IP-PPL-ABS (NP-SBJ *T*-1)	 ← extraction out of adjunct
			      (BAG being)
			      (VAN graunted))
		  (PUNC ,)
		  (ADVP (ADV so))
		  (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
		  (VBD came)
		  (ADJP-SPR (ADJ like)
			    (NP (D a) (N frend)))))
  (ID EDWARD-1551-E1-H,290.168))

( (CP-REL (WIP-PPL-ABS-1 (WNP-SBJ (WPRO wich))	 ← not like this
	  		 (BAG being)
			 (VAN graunted))
	  (PUNC ,)
	  (C 0)
	  (IP-SUB (IP-PPL-ABS *T*-1)	         ← movement of adjunct itself
		  (ADVP (ADV so))
		  (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
		  (VBD came)
		  (ADJP-SPR (ADJ like)
			    (NP (D a) (N frend))))))
  (ID EDWARD-1551-E1-H,290.168))

"Chopped" preposition

Deletion of prepositions (so-called chopping) is indicated by an empty WPP. By definition, the WPP is entirely silent; if it contains overt material, the token is treated as a free relative - specifically, as the type where the preposition introducing the free relative does double duty. 

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
	      (PP (P and)
                  (CP-ADV (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
                                  (VBP sle)
                                  (NP-OB1 (D that) (N knyght)))))
	      (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
	      (VBP puttyst)
	      (NP-OB1 (D thys) (N realme))
	      (PP (P in)
                  (NP (D the) (ADJS gretteste) (N damage)
		      (CP-REL (WPP-1 0)
			      (C that)
			      (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)                    ← chopped "in"
				      (ADVP-TMP (ADV evir))
				      (BED was)
				      (NP-SBJ (N realme))))))
	      (PUNC :))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,40.1324))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
	      (NP-SBJ-1 (EX there))
	      (VBP lyvith)
	      (NEG nat)
	      (NP-1 (D a) (N knyght)
                    (PP (P of)
                        (NP (QR more) (CODE <P_51>) (N prouesse)
                            (PP (P than)
                                (CP-CMP (WPP-2 0)
                                        (C 0)
                                        (IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)          ← chopped "of"
                                                (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                                (BEP ys)))))))
	      (PUNC .))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,51.1678))

Trace of A-movement (*)

Traces of A-movement are annotated as * (which also serves as a default empty category, but is never indexed when so used). Not all instances of A-movement are explicitly indicated. In particular, our annotation scheme does not ordinarily express the distinction between raising and control. A-movement is indicated only when the moved phrase is extracted from within another phrase (usually PP) or clause (that is, when the IP that immediately dominates the antecedent does not immediately dominate the trace). Thus, a passivized NP that is extracted from a lower clause (small clause or infinitive) is coindexed with a trace, but an ordinary passive subject is not. 

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 (D An) (N expert))
          (BED was)
          (VAN sent)
          (PP (P for)
              (NP *-1))
          (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO$ My) (N strength))
          (BEP is)
          (VAN made)
          (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
                  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ perfect)))
          (PUNC .)))

( (NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJS $merveylyste) (N batayle)
          (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                  (C that)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 *T*-1)
                          (ADVP-TMP (ADV evir))
                          (BED was)
                          (VAN herde)
                          (PP (P off)
                              (NP *-2)))))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,70.2392))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
          (NP-SBJ-1 (D the) (N name)
                    (PP (P of)
                        (NP (D thys) (N knyght))))
          (BED was)
          (VAN called)
          (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
                  (NP-PRD (NPR Balyne)))
          (PUNC ,))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,46.1525))

Trace of other movement (*ICH*)

Traces of other movement, whether leftward or rightward, are annotated as *ICH* (= interpret constituent here). As with A-movement, *ICH* traces are only indicated when a constituent is extracted from within another constituent or clause. Where necessary, the grammatical function of the antecedent is indicated by a dash tag on its trace. The antecedent itself has no dash tag since it has no function in the clause into which it moves. 

( (IP-IMP (VBI Let)
	  (NP-1 (PRO it))                    ← no dash tag on scrambled antecedent
	  small clause; 
	  (NEG not)
	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *ICH*-1)           ← dash tag on trace
		  (BE be)
		  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ known)))
	  (PUNC .)))

Trace of extraposition

For examples, see Trace last. See also Extraposed CONJP.

Split topicalization (BROTHERS AND SISTERS HAVE I NONE)

In split topicalization, a quantifier is annotated as stranded in situ while the rest of the object NP is fronted. The fronted element is labeled NP and coindexed with a trace in the object NP. 

( (IP-MAT (NP-1 (NS Brothers) (CONJ and) (NS sisters))
          (HVP have)
          (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
          (NP-OB1 (Q none)
                  (NP *ICH*-1))
          (PUNC .)))


( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
          (NP-1 (N shylde))
          (MD wolde)
          (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
          (VB take)
          (NP-OB1 (Q none)
                  (NP *ICH*-1))
          (PP (P for)
	      (NP (Q no) (N prayer)
                  (PP (P of)
		      (NP (D the) (N kynge)))))
          (PUNC .))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,633.3743))

( (IP-MAT (NP-1 (NS Knyvys)
                (ADJP *ICH*-2))
          (MD sal)
          (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
          (HV haue)
          (NP-OB1 (Q nane)
                  (NP *ICH*-1))
          (PP (P by)
	      (NP (PRO$ yure) (N bed)))
          (PUNC ,)
          (ADJP-2 (CONJ nou+tir) (ADJ gret) (CONJ ne) (ADJ smal))
          (PUNC .))
  (ID CMBENRUL-M3,20.698))

Stylistic fronting of quantifier

Stylistic fronting of quantifiers, which occurs in early texts, is treated as phrasal (rather than head) movement. The fronted quantifier is labeled QP and coindexed with a trace in the object NP. 

( (IP-MAT (QP-1 (Q Micel))
          (HVD hadde)
          (NP-SBJ (NPR Henri)
                  (NP-PRN (N king)))
          (VBD gadered)
          (NP-OB1 (QP *ICH*-1)
		  (N gold)
		  (CONJP (CONJ &)
			 (NX (N syluer))))
          (PUNC ,))
  (ID CMPETERB-M1,55.416))

( (IP-MAT (QP-1 (Q Vele))
	  (NP-SBJ=2 (EX +ter))
	  (BEP bye+t)
	  (NP-2 (NP (QP *ICH*-1)
		    (OTHER o+tre)
		    (NS zennes))
		(PUNC /)
		(CONJP (CONJ and)
		       (NP (NS *)             ← empty category indicates ellipsis
			   (PP (P of)
			       (NP (ADJ diuers) (N cas))))))
	  (PUNC /)
	  (PP (P ine)
	      (NP (N symonye)))
	  (PUNC .))
  (ID CMAYENBI-M2,42.710))

Other empty categories

Empty object

Empty objects (apart from traces) are not indicated since they are too difficult to distinguish from intransitive uses of transitive verbs.

Empty wh- phrase or complementizer (0)

Empty wh- phrases and complementizers are annotated as 0 (zero). 

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
	  (VBD said)
	  (CP-THT (C 0)                             ← silent C
		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
			  (BED were)
			  (VAG coming)))
	  (PUNC .)))

( (NP (D the) (N story)
      (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO which))                  ← overt wh- phrase
              (C 0)                                 ← silent C
	      (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
		      (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
		      (VBP tell)))))

( (NP (D the) (N story)
      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0))                            ← silent wh- phrase
              (C that)                              ← overt C
	      (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
		      (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
		      (VBP tell)))))

( (NP (D the) (N story)
      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)                             ← silent wh- phrase
	      (C 0)                                 ← silent C
	      (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
		      (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
		      (VBP tell)))))

Default empty category (*)

In addition to serving as a trace of A-movement, * is a default empty category, as illustrated in the following cases. * can also be added more generally where it is helpful in clarifying the motivation for a particular parsed structure.

Elided main verb

In tokens with elided main verbs, empty verbs are added to distinguish auxiliary uses of BE, DO and HAVE from their main verb uses. Even in cases where it is clear that more than just the main verb has been elided, the deleted material is labeled VB, not VP. 

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
	  (BEP are)                  ← auxiliary BE (progressive)
	  (VAG *)
	  (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO It))
	  (BED was)                  ← auxiliary BE (passive)
	  (VAN *)
	  (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
	  (DOD did)                  ← auxiliary DO
	  (VB *)
	  (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
	  (HVP have)                 ← auxiliary HAVE (perfect)
	  (VBN *)
	  (PUNC .)))
Empty verbs may also be added in other cases to clarify or facilitate a parse. 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-SBJ *con*)
          (HVP habbe+d)
          (VBN seid)
          (PP (ADV+P +tarof))
          (NP-OB1 (NUM tweien) (NS uers))
          (PUNC .))
  (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,21.252))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-SBJ *con*)
          (MD wile)
          (VB *)				← SAY from preceding token
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV nu))
          (NP-OB1 (D +te) (ADJ +tridde))
          (PUNC .))
  (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,21.253))




( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-SBJ *exp*)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV ofte))
          (DOP do+d)
          (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
                  (VB of+tenchen)
                  (CP-THT (C +tat)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV +aure))
                                  (ADVP (ADV swo))
                                  (HVP haue+d)
                                  (DON idon))))
          (PUNC .))
  (ID CMVICES1-M1,3.15))

( (IP-MAT (ADVP (Q Al) (ADV swo))
          (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
          (DOP de+d)
          (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D +to) (NS men)
                          (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C +de)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                          (NP-2 (NS sennen))
                                          (HVP habbe+d)
                                          (VBN forhaten)
                                          (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *ICH*-2)
                                                  (TO te)
                                                  (VB laten)))))
                  (VB *))         ← OF+TENCHEN from preceding token
          (PUNC ,))
  (ID CMVICES1-M1,3.16))

Elided FOR and TO in conjoined infinitive

When FOR and/or TO are elided in conjoined clauses, an empty category is added in order to distinguish such clauses from bare infinitives. (An alternative would be to annotate the clauses with elided FOR or TO as gapping.) 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-SBJ *con*)
          (VBD counceyled)
          (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
          (IP-INF (IP-INF (TO to)
                          (VB go))
                  (CONJP (CONJ &)
                         (IP-INF (TO *)
                                 (DO do)
                                 (NP-OB1 (N sacrifice))
                                 (PP (P to)
                                     (NP (NPR Dame) (NPR Diane))))))
          (PUNC ,))
  (ID CMBRUT3-M3,8.186))

( (CP-QUE-SUB-ADV (WQ whethir)
		  (C 0)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ=1 *exp*)
			  (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
			  (VBP lyste)
			  (IP-INF-1 (IP-INF (TO to)
                                            (VB save)
                                            (NP-OB1 (PRO the)))
                                    (CONJP (CONJ or)
					   (IP-INF (TO *)
						   (VB sle)
						   (NP-OB1 (PRO the)))))))

  (ID CMMALORY-M4,40.1309))

( (IP-IMP-SPE (CONJ And)
	      (NP-LFD (D this) (N lord)
		      (PUNC ,)
		      (NP-PRN (NPR sir) (CODE <P_6>) (NPR Ector)))
	      (PUNC ,)
	      (VBI lete)
	      (IP-INF (NP-SBJ-RSP-1 (PRO hym))
		      (BE be)
		      (VAN sent)
		      (PP (P for)
                          (NP *-1))
		      (IP-INF-PRP (IP-INF (FOR for)
					  (TO to)
					  (VB come))
                                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                         (IP-INF (FOR *)
                                                 (TO *)
                                                 (VB speke)
                                                 (PP (P with)
                                                     (NP (PRO you)))))))
	      (PUNC ,))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,6.143))

( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR$ Cristes) (N wyl))
	  (BEP be)
	  (IP-INF (IP-INF (FOR for@)
			  (TO @to)
			  (VB save)
			  (NP-OB1 (PRO vs)))
		  (CONJP (CONJ and)
			 (IP-INF (FOR *)
				 (TO *)
                                 (HV haue)
                                 (NP-OB1 (N mercy))
                                 (PP (P vppon)
                                     (NP (PRO vs)))))))
  (ID CMAELR3-M23,43.516))

Elided verb of motion

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
	      (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
	      (MD must)
	      (VB *)			      ← GO
	      (PP (P to)
                  (NP (D the) (N feld)))
	      (PUNC ,)
	      (PP (P though)
                  (CP-ADV (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                  (VBP ryde)
                                  (PP (P on)
				      (NP (D an) (N+N hors-lyttar))))))
	      (PUNC .))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,6.160))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
          (NP-SBJ (D the) (N swerde))
          (MD wolde)
          (NEG nat)
          (VB *)			      ← COME
          (RP oute)
          (PUNC .))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,46.1510))

( (IP-MAT (PUNC ')
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV +Danne))
          (MD sculen)
	  (VB *)			      ← GO
	  (NP-SBJ (PRO hi) (Q alle)
                  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                          (C +de)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                  (NP-OB1 (N god))
                                  (HVP habbe+d)
                                  (DON idon))))
          (PP (P to)
	      (NP (D +dan) (ADJ eche) (N liue)))
	  (PUNC ,))
  (ID CMVICES1-M1,25.289))

Elided copula

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO$ hire) (N leor))
	  (BEP *)
	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ lufsum)
                    (PP (P to)
                        (NP (NP-POS (PRO$ ure) (NPR$ lauerdes))
                            (NS echnen)))))
  (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.104.1290))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +Tis))
          (BEP *)
          (NP-PRD (D +te) (N ancre)
                  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                          (C +te)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                  (NEG naut)
                                  (NEG n@)
                                  (VBP @at)
                                  (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP-2 (WPRO hwat))
						(C 0)
						(IP-SUB (NP-PRD *T*-2)
							(BEP is)
							(NP-SBJ (N fondinge)))))))
          (PUNC .))
  (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.136.1813))

Probable scribal error

( (IP-MAT-SPE-1 (PP (P +gef)
                    (CP-ADV (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                    (MD wule)
                                    (VB (VB luuien) (PUNC .) (CONJ &) (VB leuen))
                                    (NP-OB1 (NPR godd)
                                            (PUNC .)
                                            (ADJP (ADJ al-mihti))))))
                (PUNC ;)
                (ADVP (ADV +tenne))
                (MD mei)
                (VB *)		  ← editor suggests supplying 'speoken' from another ms.
                (NP-SBJ (PRO he))		    
                (PP (ADV+P +trof)))
  (ID CMJULIA-M1,99.55))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Eleusius))
          (VBD *)		  ← editor suggests supplying 'war+d' from another ms.
          (ADJP-PRD (ADJ wod))		   
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV +ta)))
  (ID CMJULIA-M1,105.159))

Position of empty categories

The position of empty categories in the string is not always easy to determine. We therefore adopt the following default rules.

Position of empty subject

In general, empty subjects occupy the first position in the clause after conjunctions, traces, and left-dislocated elements. Expletive subjects follow a clause-initial locative phrase. 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
	  (MD wold)
	  (NEG not)
	  (VB assente)
	  (PP (P unto)
	      (NP (D the) (N kynge)))
	  (PUNC .))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.16))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
	  (ADVP (ADV lightly) (CONJ and) (ADV fiersly))
	  (VBD pulled)
	  (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
	  (PP (RP out)
	      (P of)
	      (NP (D the) (N stone)))
	  (PUNC ,))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,8.229))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
	      (NP-SBJ *exp*)
	      (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
	      (VBP repentys)
	      (ADVP (ADV sore))
	      (PP (P of)
		  (NP (PRO$ youre) (ADJ grete) (N damage)))
	      (PUNC .)
	      (PUNC '))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,26.826))

( (IP-MAT-1 (PP (P on)
		(NP (N+N horscbacke)))
	    (NP-SBJ-2 *exp*)
	    (BED was)
	    (NP-2 (NUMP (ADV fully) (NUM fyffty_thousand))))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,20.598))

Position of trace

The following traces (whether wh- or not) appear in constituent-initial position:

All other traces appear in constituent-final position.

Trace first

Trace in IP

Traces in IP occupy the initial position of the IP in which they are construed. No special effort has been made to enforce a consistent order among the various types of trace (*T*, *ICH*, *) in tokens where both occur in the same clause. 

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
          (VBP know)
          (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
                      (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)               ← wh- trace first in IP-SUB
			      (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                              (VBP need)))
	  (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
          (VBP know)
          (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                              (VBP need)
                              (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)       ← wh- trace first in IP-INF
                                      (TO to)
                                      (DO do))))
	  (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
          (VBP know)
          (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV why))
                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                              (VBP claim)
                              (CP-THT (C 0)
                                      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)         ← low attachment
                                              (NP-SBJ (PRO they))    plausible in context
                                              (VBD left)))))
	  (PUNC .)))

Trace in ADJP

See NP complement of ADJ for what counts as a complement. 

( (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-2)
          (NP-SBJ (D +te)
                  (N cunde)
                  (PP (P of)
                      (NP (D+ADJ +tilke) (NS fu+geles))))
          (NP-3 (NS ancren))
          (BEP bei+d)
	  (ADJP-PRD (NP *ICH*-3)					← *ICH* trace first
                    (ADJ iliche)))
  (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,I.50.121))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for@)
              (NP-MSR-LFD (QP (ADVR @as@) (Q @miche))
                          (PP (P as)
                              (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                                      (C 0)
                                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
                                              (BEP bene)
                                              (ADJP-PRD (NP *T*-1)		← wh- trace first
							(ADJ wor+te))))))
              (PUNC ,)
              (NP-MSR-RSP (QP (ADVR as) (Q muche)))
              (MD shal)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
              (BE bene)
              (VAN louede)
              (PUNC .)
              (PUNC "))
  (ID CMBRUT3-M3,17.504))

( (IP-INF (BE be)
          (ADJP-PRD (ADJ lyk)
                    (NP (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
				(C that)
				(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
					(NEG n@)
					(BE @ys)
					(NEG nat)
					(ADJP-PRD (NP *T*-1)            ← wh- trace first
                                                  (ADJ lyk))))))
          (PUNC .))
  (ID CMCTPARS-M3,308.C1.843))

( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
          (VBP (VBP +tenchen) (CONJ and) (VBP que+den) (PUNC .) (CONJ and) (DOP do))
	  (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
			  (C +tat)
			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
				  (NP-2 (NP (PRO$ ure) (NS sowle))
					(CONJP (CONJ and)
					       (NP (PRO$ ure) (NS lichame))))
				  (BEP be)
				  (ADJP-PRD (NP *ICH*-2)		← *ICH* trace first
					    (ADJ biheue))))))
  (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,7.81))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N man)
                  (CP-REL *ICH*-1))
          (MD mai)
          (BE be)
          (ADJP-LOC (NP (NPR god))
                    (ADJS next))
          (PUNC .)
          (CP-REL-1 (WNP-2 0)
                    (C +te)
                    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
                            (NP-3 (PRO him))
                            (BEP be+d)
                            (ADJP-PRD (NP *ICH*-3)       		← *ICH* trace first
                                      (ADJ iqueme))))
          (PUNC .))
  (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,9.86))

( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
              (MD moten)
              (NP-3 (PRO him))
              (BE bien)
              (ADJP-PRD (NP *ICH*-3)		                        ← *ICH* trace first
                        (ADJ hersum))
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP (Q alle) (ADJ gode) (NS woerkes)))
              (PP (ADV anaon)
                  (P to)
                  (NP (D +de) (N dea+de))))
  (ID CMVICES1-M1,9.71))

Trace of nominal modifier

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-SBJ *con*)
          (BEP beo+d)
          (QP-2 (Q muche))
          (PP (P for)
              (NP (D +ti)))
	  (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
		  (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *-1)
			  (TO to)
			  (VB dreden)
			  (NP-MSR (QP (QP *ICH*-2)                    ← *ICH* trace first
				      (D +te)
				      (QR mare)))))
          (PUNC .))
  (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.146.1976))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ For)
          (NP-MSR (QP (ADVR so) (Q mykille))
                  (PP (P as)
                      (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO scho))
                                      (VBD lovyd)
                                      (NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
                                      (NP-MSR (QP (NP-MSR *T*-1)      ← trace first
						  (QR mare))
                                              (PP (P than)
                                                  (NP (Q alle) (OTHERS othere))))))))
          (PUNC ,)
          (NP-SBJ (PRO$ her) (N payne))
          (VBD passed)
          (NP-OB1 (Q alle) (OTHERS othere))
          (PUNC ,))
  (ID CMJULNOR-M34,55.141))

Trace of R-pronoun

( (IP-MAT (NP-VOC (N Sire))
          (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
          (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
          (DOD dude)
          (PP (P for)
              (NP (N uuel)))
          (PP (P +tach)
              (CP-ADV (C 0)
                      (CODE <P_II.238>)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 *exp*)
                              (ADVP-1 (ADV +ter))
                              (NEG Ne@)
                              (VBD @come)
                              (NP-2 (N uuel))
                              (PP (ADVP *ICH*-1)	← trace first
                                  (P of)))))
          (PUNC .))
  (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.238.3462))

( (IP-IMP (VBI Ga)
          (PP (P to)
              (NP (NP (NP-POS (PRO$ +tine) (N$ feder))
                      (N burinesse))
                  (CONJP (CONJ o+der)
			 (ADVP (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 (ADV +ter))
                                       (C 0)
                                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q eni)
                                                       (PP (P of)
                                                           (NP (PRO$ +tine) (N cunne))))
                                               (VBP li+d)
                                               (PP (ADVP *T*-1)		← trace first
						   (P in))))))))
          (PUNC .))
  (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,35.433))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-SBJ *con*)
          (VBD turned)
          (ADVP (ADV ayen))
          (PP (P unto)
              (NP (D the) (N abbay)
                  (CP-REL (WADVP-1 (ADV there))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                                  (VBD cam)
                                  (PP (ADVP *T*-1)		← trace first
				      (P fro))))))
          (PUNC ,))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,642.4012))

Trace last

( (NP (D the) (N outcome)
      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
	      (C that)
	      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
		      (BED were)
		      (VAG hoping)
		      (PP (P for)
			  (NP *T*-1))))))                ← trace of wh- movement

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
	  (VBD ran)
	  (PP (P into)
	      (NP (NP (PRO$ your) (N friend))
		  (CONJP *ICH*-1)))                      ← trace of extraposed CONJP
	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV yesterday))
	  (PUNC ,)
	  (CONJP-1 (CONJ and)
		   (NP (PRO$ her) (NS children)))
	  (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N job))
	  (VBD took)
	  (NP-MSR (ADJR longer)
		  (PP *ICH*-1))                          ← trace of extraposed PP
	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV yesterday))
	  (PP-1 (P than)
		(ADJP (ADJ expected)))
	  (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N job))
	  (VBD took)
	  (NP-MSR (ADJR longer)
		  (PP *ICH*-1))                          ← trace of extraposed PP
	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV yesterday))
	  (PP-1 (P than)
		(CP-CMP (WNP-2 0)
			(IP-SUB (NP-ACC *T*-2)
				(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
				(VBD expected))))
	  (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N job))
	  (VBD took)
	  (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ long))
		  (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))                      ← trace of extraposed CP-DEG
	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV yesterday))
	  (CP-DEG-1 (C that)
		    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
			    (BED were)
			    (ADJP-PRD (ADJ late)
				      (PP (P for)
					  (NP (N dinner))))))
	  (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (NS neighbors)
		  (CP-REL *ICH*-1))                      ← trace of extraposed CP-REL
	  (VBD stopped)
	  (RP by)
	  (CP-REL-1 (WNP-2 0)
		    (C that)
		    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
			    (ADVP-TMP (ADV recently))
			    (VBD moved)
			    (RP in)
			    (NP-LOC (ADJ next) (N door))))
	  (PUNC .))))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (NS neighbors)
		  (NP-PRN *ICH*-1))                      ← trace of extraposed NP-PRN
	  (VBD stopped)
	  (RP by)
	  (PUNC ,)
	  (NP-1 (D the) (ONES ones)
		(CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
			(C that)
			(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
				(ADVP-TMP (ADV recently))
				(VBD moved)
				(RP in)
				(NP-LOC (ADJ next) (N door)))))
	  (PUNC .))))


( (NP (QP (ADVR as) (Q miche))
      (PP (P as)
	  (CP-CMP (WNP-2 0)
		  (C 0)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
			  (BED was)
			  (NP-1 (N nede)
                                (NP-COM *T*-2))	              ← wh- trace last in NP
			  (PP (P to)                            (not first as in ADJP)
                              (NP (D +tat) (N Viage)))))))
  (ID CMBRUT3-M3,104.3158))

Position of empty verb

Empty verbs are added assuming the order modal > (auxiliary) verb > participle, even in early texts where the verb still sometimes precedes a modal (verb > modal), as in Old English. 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ bote)
          (ADVP (ADV certayn))
          (PUNC ,)
          (NP-VOC (N suster))
          (PUNC ,)
          (ADVP (ADV +gith))
          (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
          (MD most)
          (VB *)
          (NP-MSR (ADJR for+tere))
          (PUNC .))
  (ID CMAELR3-M23,46.608))

( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Nu))
          (BEP is)
          (VBN *)
          (NP-SBJ (D +tes) (N prest))
          (ADVP-DIR (ADV uor+te))
          (PUNC .))
  (ID CMLAMB1-M1,81.148))

Resumptive element

Resumptive pronoun

When a wh- phrase is associated with a resumptive pronoun, the pronoun receives the extended tag -RSP and (just like a trace) a trailing index. 

( (NP (Q some) (NS friends)
      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
	      (C that)
	      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
		      (MD ca@)
		      (NEG @n't)
		      (VB remember)
		      (CP-QUE-SUB (WQ whether)
				  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
					  (VBP know)
					  (NP-ACC-RSP=1 (PRO them))))))))

( (NP (ADJP (ADVR So) (ADJ worthy))
      (D a) (N knyght)
      (PP (P as)
          (CP-CMP (WNP-2 0)
                  (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                          (BED was)
                          (NP-PRD-RSP=2 (ONE one))))))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,58.1931))

Resumptive preposition

In connection with resumptive prepositions, the trace of the extracted PP is treated as a sister of the resumptive preposition. 

( (NP (D an) (ADJ important) (N consideration)
      (CP-REL (WPP-1 (P to)                                 ← TO
		     (WNP which))
	      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
		      (VBP draw)
		      (NP-OB1 (PRO$ your) (N attention))
		      (PP (P to)                            ← matching resumptive TO
			  (PP *T*-1))))))

Cases where the resumptive preposition is not identical to the one heading the extracted PP are treated in the same way. 

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV anone))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (VBD shewed)
              (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
              (NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJ ryght) (N beleve)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (D the) (ADJ Holy) (NPR Trynyte`)))
                      (PUNC ,)
                      (CP-REL (WPP-1 (P for)                        ← FOR
                                     (WNP (D the) (WPRO whyche)))
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                      (VBD agreed)
                                      (PP (P unto)                  ← sloppy resumptive UNTO
                                          (PP *T*-1))
                                      (PP (P with)
                                          (NP (Q all) (PRO$ hys) (N herte))))))
              (PUNC .))
  (ID CMMALORY-M4,640.3964))