Suffix forms |
Kashaya Grammar |
This list is intended to help language learners figure out the pieces of a complex verb in Kashaya. Many of these alternations are predictable based on general rules of the language, but since those are complicated, it may be useful to see things laid out. Both the surface form (as it occurs in an actual spoken word) and the more abstract form (which is the same across different realizations) are shown.
Click on the heading of a column to sort by that column; click a second time to get the reverse ordering. For more detailed descriptions of suffixes and other grammatical elements, see this related page.
Surface | Abstract | Description |
---|---|---|
–ahmucʼ | –ahmucʼ | Plural Agent + ‘along’ + Distributive |
–ahmuʔ | –ahmucʼ | Plural Agent + ‘along’ + Distributive (before some consonants) |
–ala | –ala | Directional: ‘down’; Inchoative |
–aloq | –aloq | Directional: ‘up here’ |
–aloh | –aloq | Directional: ‘up here’ (before a consonant) |
–ad | –ad | Directional: ‘along, here’ |
–anʔ | –ad | Directional: ‘along, here’ (before a consonant) |
–d | –ad | Directional: ‘along, here’ |
–nʔ | –ad | Directional: ‘along, here’ (before a consonant) |
–ad | –ad | Durative (after a consonant) |
–anʔ | –ad | Durative (after & before a consonant) |
–aʔ | –ad | Durative (after & before some consonants) |
–aduc | –aduc | Directional: ‘afar, away to a distance’ |
–adu· | –aduc | Directional: ‘afar, away to a distance’ (before some consonants) |
–adad | –adad | Locomotory |
–adanʔ | –adad | Locomotory (before a consonant) |
–wadad | –adad | Locomotory (after a vowel) |
–wadanʔ | –adad | Locomotory (after a vowel & before a consonant) |
–ac’ac’ | –ac’ac’ | Locomotory; Plural Agent |
–ac’aʔ | –ac’ac’ | Locomotory; Plural Agent (before some consonants) |
–wac’ac’ | –ac’ac’ | Locomotory; Plural Agent |
–wac’aʔ | –ac’ac’ | Locomotory; Plural Agent (after a vowel & before some consonants) |
–aq | –aq | Directional: ‘out from here, north or west from here’ |
–ah | –aq | Directional: ‘out from here, north or west from here’ (before a consonant) |
–aqac | –aqac | Directional: ‘up from here’ |
–aqa· | –aqac | Directional: ‘up from here’ (before some consonants) |
–aq(o) | –aq° | Directional: ‘out here, north or west to here’ |
–ah | –aq° | Directional: ‘out here, north or west to here’ (before a consonant) |
–ay | –ay | Directional: ‘against’ |
–a· | –ay | Directional: ‘against’ (before a consonant) |
–a | –a | Evidential: Factual (preceded by a consonant & followed by a suffix) |
–wa | –a | Evidential: Factual (preceded by a vowel & followed by a suffix) |
–w] | –a | Evidential: Factual (preceded by a vowel & at end of word) |
–Ø] | –a | Evidential: Factual (preceded by a consonant & at end of word) |
–ba] | –ba | Adverbializer: same subject sequential |
–bem] | –bem | Inferential Subordinative: different subject |
–bina] | –bina | Inferential Subordinative: same subject |
–biw] | –biw | Inferential |
–c | –c | Semelfactive |
–ci | –c | Semelfactive |
–c | –c | Terrestrial |
–ccicʼ | –ccicʼ | Retractive |
–cciʔ | –ccicʼ | Retractive (before some consonants) |
–cid | –cid | Durative, used after a vowel & near the beginning of the word |
–cinʔ | –cid | Durative, used after a vowel & near the beginning of the word (before a consonant) |
–cʼ | –cʼ | Reflexive (after a vowel) |
–ʔ | –cʼ | Reflexive (after a vowel & before some consonants) |
–cʰi] | –pʰi | Adverbializer: same subject future sequential (preceded by underlying /c/) |
–cʰila] | –pʰila | Adverbializer: different subject future sequential (preceded by underlying /c/) |
–do] | –do | Evidential: Quotative (Hearsay) |
–e] | –e | Explanatory |
–el] | –el | Objective |
–l] | –el | Objective (after a vowel) |
–ela] | –ela | Performative |
–wela] | –ela | Performative (after a vowel) |
–em] | –em | Adverbializer: different subject simultaneous |
–wem] | –em | Adverbializer: different subject simultaneous (after a vowel) |
–em] | –em | Responsive |
–m] | –em | Responsive (after a vowel) |
–em] | –em | Subjective |
–m] | –em | Subjective (after a vowel) |
–emu] | –em | Subjective (less common to include /u/) |
–ed | –ed | Durative; after /c/ later in the word |
–enʔ | –ed | Durative; after /c/ later in the word (before a consonant) |
–ec’ | –ec’ | Durative; Plural Agent; after /c/ later in the word |
–eʔ | –ec’ | Durative; Plural Agent; after /c/ later in the word (before some consonants) |
–eti] | –eti | Adverbializer: ‘although’ |
–ati] | –eti | Adverbializer: ‘although’ (after /q/) |
–weti] | –weti | Adverbializer: ‘although’ (after a vowel) |
–e·] | –Ø-e· | Evidential: Factual + Nonfinal Verb (after a consonant) |
–we·] | –w–e· | Evidential: Factual + Nonfinal Verb (after a vowel) |
–ye·] | –y–e· | Evidential: Visual + Nonfinal Verb |
–qa·] | –q–e· | Evidential: Circumstantial + Nonfinal Verb |
–hqa | –hqa | Causative (after a vowel) |
–qa | –hqa | Causative (after a consonant) |
–t | –ht | Plural Movement (only as part of /tʰmucʼ/) |
–ht | –ht | Plural Movement (before a vowel) |
–hti | –ht | Plural Movement (before a consonant) |
–Ø] | –i | Imperative (Singular) (after a vowel) |
–i] | –i | Imperative (Singular) (after most consonants) |
–a] | –i | Imperative (Singular) (after /m/ or /q/) |
–u] | –i | Imperative (Singular) (after /d/) |
–o] | –i | Imperative (Singular) (after /oq/) |
–uced | –uced | Durative; used after /d/ (before a vowel) |
–ucenʔ | –uced | Durative; used after /d/ (before a consonant) |
–iyicʼ | –iyicʼ | Durative, Plural Act |
–iyiʔ | –iyicʼ | Durative, Plural Act (before some consonants) |
–icʼ | –icʼ | Reflexive (after a consonant) |
–iʔ | –icʼ | Reflexive (after a consonant and before some consonants) |
–cʼ | –icʼ | Reflexive (after a vowel, sometimes) |
–yicʼ | –icʼ | Reflexive (after a vowel) |
–iyicʼ | –icʼ | Reflexive (after a consonant) |
–im] | –im | Imperative (Formal) (after most consonants) – see -i for changes to vowel |
–in] | –in | Adverbializer: same subject simultaneous (after most consonants) |
–n] | –in | Adverbializer: same subject simultaneous (after a vowel) |
–an] | –in | Adverbializer: same subject simultaneous (after /m/ or /q/) |
–un] | –in | Adverbializer: same subject simultaneous (after /d/) |
–on] | –in | Adverbializer: same subject simultaneous (after /oq/) |
–inna | –inna | Evidential: Aural (followed by a suffix, after most consonants) |
–in] | –inna | Evidential: Aural (at end of word, after most consonants) |
–an] | –inna | Evidential: Aural (at end of word, after /m/ or /q/) |
–un] | –inna | Evidential: Aural (at end of word, after /d/) |
–insʼ] | –insʼ | Suppositional (after most consonants) |
–nsʼ] | –insʼ | Suppositional (after a vowel) |
–unsʼ] | –insʼ | Suppositional (after /d/) |
–ansʼ] | –insʼ | Suppositional (after /m/ or /q/) |
–onsʼ] | –insʼ | Suppositional (after /oq/) |
–id | –id | Durative; after /c/ |
–inʔ | –id | Durative; after /c/ (before a consonant) |
–inʔna] | –inʔna | Potential |
–iš] | –iš | Optative |
–iwac' | –wac' | Durative or Distributive; Plural Agent (in some prosodic contexts) |
–iwaʔ | –wac' | Durative or Distributive; Plural Agent (in some prosodic contexts & before some consonants) |
–wacʼ | –wac’ | Durative or Distributive; Plural Agent |
–waʔ | –wac’ | Durative or Distributive; Plural Agent (before some consonants) |
–uwad | –uwad | Durative or Distributive |
–uwanʔ | –uwad | Durative or Distributive (before a consonant) |
–iyʔ] | –iya | Indirect Imperative (after most suffixes) |
–iya] | –iya | Indirect Imperative (after the negative or assertive) |
–iʔba] | –iʔba | Conditional (after most consonants) |
–ʔba] | –iʔba | Conditional (after a vowel) |
–aʔba] | –iʔba | Conditional (after /m/ or /q/) |
–uʔba] | –iʔba | Conditional (after /d/) |
–oʔba] | –iʔba | Conditional (after /oq/) |
–ibic | –ibic | Directional: ‘up, away’, Inchoative |
–ibi· | –ibic | Directional: ‘up, away’, Inchoative (before some consonants) |
–m | –m | Directional: ‘across, past’ |
–m | –m | Essive |
–ma | –m | Essive |
–m | –m | Supraterrestrial |
–mac | –mac | Directional: ‘in from here, south or east from here’ |
–mad | –mad | Directional: ‘in enclosed or defined place’ |
–manʔ | –mad | Directional: ‘in enclosed or defined place’ (before a consonant) |
–mac’ | –mac’ | Directional: ‘in enclosed or defined place’; Plural Agent |
–maʔ | –mac’ | Directional: ‘in enclosed or defined place’; Plural Agent (before some consonants) |
–maduc | –maduc | Directional: ‘arrive, as far as’ |
–madu· | –maduc | Directional: ‘arrive, as far as’ (before a consonant) |
–maq(o) | –maq° | Directional: ‘in here, south or east to here’ |
–mah | –maq° | Directional: ‘in here, south or east to here’ (before a consonant) |
–meʔ] | –meʔ | Imperative (Plural) |
–me..ʔ | –meʔ | Imperative (Plural) (when a word occurs after the verb) |
–mela] | –mela | Performative Complete |
–med | –med | Durative (after a vowel, later in the word) |
–menʔ | –med | Durative (after a vowel, later in the word & before a consonant) |
–mec’ | –mec’ | Durative + Plural Agent (after a vowel, later in the word) |
–meʔ | –mec’ | Durative + Plural Agent (after a vowel, later in the word & before some consonants) |
–mi | –mi | Remote Past |
–mucʼ | –mucʼ | Reciprocal |
–muʔ | –mucʼ | Reciprocal (before some consonants) |
–mul | –mul | Directional: ‘around’ |
–pʰi] | –pʰi | Adverbializer: same subject future sequential |
–pʰila] | –pʰila | Adverbializer: different subject future sequential |
–qa | –qa | Evidential: Circumstantial (before a suffix) |
–qʰ] | –qʰ | Evidential: Circumstantial (at end of word) |
–sʼuw] | –sʼuw | Mandatory |
–še] | –še | Speculative |
–teʔ] | –teʔ | Performative Intentive |
–te | –teʔ | Performative Intentive (when followed by a suffix) |
–ti] | –ti | General Intentive |
–tʰmucʼ | –tʰmucʼ | Portmanteau: Plural Agent, ‘along’, Distributive, Plural Movement |
–tʰmuʔ | –tʰmucʼ | Portmanteau: Plural Agent, ‘along’, Distributive, Plural Movement (before some consonants) |
–tʰ | –tʰ | Negative |
–tʰi | –tʰi | Negative |
–tʰuʔ] | –tʰuʔ | Negative Imperative |
–tʰu..ʔ | –tʰuʔ | Negative Imperative (with a word following the verb) |
–w | –w | Movement (occurs with a following Directional) |
–w] | –w | Absolutive (after a vowel) |
–u] | –w | Absolutive (after /d/) |
–wa] | –wa | Interrogative |
–wad | –wad | Distributive or Durative |
–wanʔ | –wad | Distributive or Durative (before a consonant) |
–wi | –wi | First–Person Object |
–we..ʔ | –wi | First–Person Object (in an imperative verb) |
–ya | –ya | Evidential: Visual (with a following suffix) |
–y] | –ya | Evidential: Visual (at end of word) |
–yic | –yic | Inceptive |
–yicʼ | –yicʼ | Reflexive |
–ʔ] | –w | Absolutive (after most consonants) |
–ʔced | –ʔced | Defunctive |
–ʔcenʔ | –ʔced | Defunctive (before a consonant) |
–ʔcicʼ | –ʔcic’ | Defunctive; Plural Agent |
–ʔciʔ | –ʔcic’ | Defunctive; Plural Agent (before some consonants) |
–ʔkʰe] | –ʔkʰe | Future: Simple or General |
–kʰe] | –ʔkʰe | Future: Simple or General (after some consonants) |
–u·li] | –ʔli | Adverbializer: different subject sequential (after /d/) |
–wli] | –ʔli | Adverbializer: different subject sequential (after a vowel) |
–ʔli] | –ʔli | Adverbializer: different subject sequential (after most consonants) |