Symbols in Lone Dog's Winter Count

Below is a complete list of the symbols used in Lone Dog's Winter Count, year by year, with brief explanations of their meaning. They are reproduced in black and white here; for colors, see the photo of the original buffalo hide.

1800-01

Thirty Dakotas killed by Crow Indians

(thirty black lines, connected at edges)

1801-02

Smallpox outbreak

(red blotches from disease)

1802-03

Dakotas steal horse with shoes from whites

(picture of horseshoe)

1803-04

Dakotas steal "curly horses" from Crows.

(black marks for curly tufts of hair)

1804-05

Calumet dance in preparation for war

(calumet, or pipe)

1805-06

Crows kill eight Dakotas

(eight lines, connected; cf. 1800, 1863)

1806-07

A Dakota kills an Arikara as he is about to shoot an eagle

(arm extended to eagle; red blood spot on shoulder)

1807-08

Chief Red-Coat killed by two arrows

(coat in red, weapons, blood dripping)

1808-09

Dakota who killed Arikara (1806) is killed in turn

(running figure shot with arrows, blood dripping)

1809-10

Little-Beaver sets fire to trading store and is killed

(beaver)

1810-11

Black-Stone makes medicine

(head of white buffalo, an important ceremonial image)

1811-12

Dakota fight battle with Gros Ventres Indians and kill many

(possibly severed heads; cf. 1864)

1812-13

Wild horses are first run and caught by the Dakotas

(lasso)

1813-14

Whooping cough strikes the Dakotas

(human figure coughing)

1814-15

A Dakota kills an Arapaho in his lodge

(ax in skull, with red blood)

1815-16

The Sans Arcs ("without bows") Dakotas build a dirt lodge, led by Chief Crow-Feather

(probably a bow, possibly reinterpreted as a feather)

1816-17

Buffalo meat is plentiful

(side of buffalo)

1817-18

Canadian trader builds store with dry timber

(dry tree apparently refers to timber)

1818-19

Measles outbreak

(figure with red blotches)

1819-20

Another trading store is built

(drawing of building)

1820-21

A trader gives Two-Arrow a war dress for his bravery

(two arrows for name; red-tipped strip of black may represent cloth used)

1821-22

Brilliant meteor falls to earth

(red meteor)

1822-23

Another trading store is built

(essentially the same as 1820)

1823-24

White soldiers make first appearance in region

(soldiers attacking Arikara fort)

1824-25

All of Chief Swan's horses are killed

(horse pierced by lance, red blood)

1825-26

Large flood of the Missouri river kills many Indians

(heads of people in water)

1826-27

An Indian dies of dropsy

(human figure)

1827-28

Dead-Arm stabbed by a Mandan

(blade in bloody wound; withered arm)

1828-29

A white man builds a dirt lodge

(figure with hat, under lodge roof)

1829-30

A Yankton Dakota is killed by the Bad-Arrow band of Blackfeet

(figure pierced by arrow)

1830-31

Bloody battle in which 23 Crows are killed

(figure with red hair, or war bonnet?)

1831-32

One white man kills another

(figures with hats, one shoots other)

1832-33

Lone-Horn's leg is "killed"

(one-horned figure with upturned leg)

1833-34

Large meteor shower

(black moon, red stars)

1834-35

Chief Medicine-Hide is killed

(bloody body with war bonnet)

1835-36

Lame-Deer shot a Crow with an arrow, drew it out and shot him again

(hand retrieving arrow)

1836-37

Death of Chief Buffalo-Chest

(side of buffalo; cf. 1816)

1837-38

Very successful hunt in which 100 elk are killed

(elk pierced by spear)

1838-39

Dirt lodge is built for Iron-Horn

(lodge)

1839-40

Dakotas kill village of Snake or Shoshoni Indians

(tepee pierced by two arrows)

1840-41

Dakotas make peace with Cheyennes

(two hands of different colors, thus tribes)

1841-42

Feather-in-the-Ear steals 30 spotted ponies

(black spots)

1842-43

One-Feather raises a large war party

(figure with feather and ceremonial pipe)

1843-44

The Sans Arcs make medicine to bring the buffalo

(medicine tent with head of buffalo)

1844-45

The Minneconjous build a pine fort

(tepee with pine tree)

1845-46

Plenty of buffalo meat

(meat drying on rack)

1846-47

Broken-Leg dies

(figure with bent leg)

1847-48

Two-Man is killed

(two men, for name)

1848-49

Humpback is killed

(humped figure pierced by spear)

1849-50

Crows steal a large number of horses

(horsetracks departing corral)

1850-51

Buffalo discovered with old woman inside

(buffalo, smaller figure within)

1851-52

peace with the Crows

(two figures with different hair; exchanging pipes)

1852-53

Nez Percés come to Lone-Horn's lodge at night

(figure with one horn; black-topped tepee indicates night)

1853-54

Spanish blankets first arrive

(white trader with striped blanket)

1854-55

Brave-Bear is killed

(extended arms with ornamentation; pierced by arrows)

1855-56

White general makes peace with Dakotas

(Indian and white figure shaking hands)

1856-57

Four-Horn is made a medicine-man

(man with four horns holds ceremonial pipe)

1857-58

Dakotas kill a Crow woman

(figure in female dress pierced by arrows)

1858-59

Lone-Horn makes medicine

(one-horned figure; head of white buffalo)

1859-60

Chief Big-Crow killed by Crows

(crow pierced by arrow)

1860-61

Chief Elk's-Voice-Walking makes medicine

(elk and white buffalo head)

1861-62

Buffalo so plentiful that they come close to the dwellings

(tracks near tepee)

1862-63

Red-Feather is killed

(figure with red feather)

1863-64

Eight Dakotas are killed

(eight lines, connected; cf. 1805)

1864-65

Dakotas kill four Crows

(four severed heads, bloody)

1865-66

Many horses die of starvation

(horse)

1866-67

Chief Swan dies

(figure of chief, swan)

1867-68

Flags given to Dakotas by Peace Commission (Treaty of 1868)

(flag)

1868-69

Texas cattle brought to the region

(cattle figure)

1869-70

Solar eclipse

(black sun, red stars)

1870-71

Battle with the Crows

(warriors surrounding fort, with flying bullets shown)

Garrick Mallery, 1893, Picture-Writing of the American Indians, pp. 266-287.