Symbols in Lone Dog's Winter Count | ![]() |
Below is a complete list of the symbols used in Lone Dog's Winter Count, year by year, with brief explanations of their meaning. They are reproduced in black and white here; for colors, see the photo of the original buffalo hide.
1800-01 | ![]() |
Thirty Dakotas killed by Crow Indians (thirty black lines, connected at edges) |
1801-02 | ![]() |
Smallpox outbreak (red blotches from disease) |
1802-03 | ![]() |
Dakotas steal horse with shoes from whites (picture of horseshoe) |
1803-04 | ![]() |
Dakotas steal "curly horses" from Crows. (black marks for curly tufts of hair) |
1804-05 | ![]() |
Calumet dance in preparation for war (calumet, or pipe) |
1805-06 | ![]() |
Crows kill eight Dakotas (eight lines, connected; cf. 1800, 1863) |
1806-07 | ![]() |
A Dakota kills an Arikara as he is about to shoot an eagle (arm extended to eagle; red blood spot on shoulder) |
1807-08 | ![]() |
Chief Red-Coat killed by two arrows (coat in red, weapons, blood dripping) |
1808-09 | ![]() |
Dakota who killed Arikara (1806) is killed in turn (running figure shot with arrows, blood dripping) |
1809-10 | ![]() |
Little-Beaver sets fire to trading store and is killed (beaver) |
1810-11 | ![]() |
Black-Stone makes medicine (head of white buffalo, an important ceremonial image) |
1811-12 | ![]() |
Dakota fight battle with Gros Ventres Indians and kill many (possibly severed heads; cf. 1864) |
1812-13 | ![]() |
Wild horses are first run and caught by the Dakotas (lasso) |
1813-14 | ![]() |
Whooping cough strikes the Dakotas (human figure coughing) |
1814-15 | ![]() |
A Dakota kills an Arapaho in his lodge (ax in skull, with red blood) |
1815-16 | ![]() |
The Sans Arcs ("without bows") Dakotas build a dirt lodge, led by Chief Crow-Feather (probably a bow, possibly reinterpreted as a feather) |
1816-17 | ![]() |
Buffalo meat is plentiful (side of buffalo) |
1817-18 | ![]() |
Canadian trader builds store with dry timber (dry tree apparently refers to timber) |
1818-19 | ![]() |
Measles outbreak (figure with red blotches) |
1819-20 | ![]() |
Another trading store is built (drawing of building) |
1820-21 | ![]() |
A trader gives Two-Arrow a war dress for his bravery (two arrows for name; red-tipped strip of black may represent cloth used) |
1821-22 | ![]() |
Brilliant meteor falls to earth (red meteor) |
1822-23 | ![]() |
Another trading store is built (essentially the same as 1820) |
1823-24 | ![]() |
White soldiers make first appearance in region (soldiers attacking Arikara fort) |
1824-25 | ![]() |
All of Chief Swan's horses are killed (horse pierced by lance, red blood) |
1825-26 | ![]() |
Large flood of the Missouri river kills many Indians (heads of people in water) |
1826-27 | ![]() |
An Indian dies of dropsy (human figure) |
1827-28 | ![]() |
Dead-Arm stabbed by a Mandan (blade in bloody wound; withered arm) |
1828-29 | ![]() |
A white man builds a dirt lodge (figure with hat, under lodge roof) |
1829-30 | ![]() |
A Yankton Dakota is killed by the Bad-Arrow band of Blackfeet (figure pierced by arrow) |
1830-31 | ![]() |
Bloody battle in which 23 Crows are killed (figure with red hair, or war bonnet?) |
1831-32 | ![]() |
One white man kills another (figures with hats, one shoots other) |
1832-33 | ![]() |
Lone-Horn's leg is "killed" (one-horned figure with upturned leg) |
1833-34 | ![]() |
Large meteor shower (black moon, red stars) |
1834-35 | ![]() |
Chief Medicine-Hide is killed (bloody body with war bonnet) |
1835-36 | ![]() |
Lame-Deer shot a Crow with an arrow, drew it out and shot him again (hand retrieving arrow) |
1836-37 | ![]() |
Death of Chief Buffalo-Chest (side of buffalo; cf. 1816) |
1837-38 | ![]() |
Very successful hunt in which 100 elk are killed (elk pierced by spear) |
1838-39 | ![]() |
Dirt lodge is built for Iron-Horn (lodge) |
1839-40 | ![]() |
Dakotas kill village of Snake or Shoshoni Indians (tepee pierced by two arrows) |
1840-41 | ![]() |
Dakotas make peace with Cheyennes (two hands of different colors, thus tribes) |
1841-42 | ![]() |
Feather-in-the-Ear steals 30 spotted ponies (black spots) |
1842-43 | ![]() |
One-Feather raises a large war party (figure with feather and ceremonial pipe) |
1843-44 | ![]() |
The Sans Arcs make medicine to bring the buffalo (medicine tent with head of buffalo) |
1844-45 | ![]() |
The Minneconjous build a pine fort (tepee with pine tree) |
1845-46 | ![]() |
Plenty of buffalo meat (meat drying on rack) |
1846-47 | ![]() |
Broken-Leg dies (figure with bent leg) |
1847-48 | ![]() |
Two-Man is killed (two men, for name) |
1848-49 | ![]() |
Humpback is killed (humped figure pierced by spear) |
1849-50 | ![]() |
Crows steal a large number of horses (horsetracks departing corral) |
1850-51 | ![]() |
Buffalo discovered with old woman inside (buffalo, smaller figure within) |
1851-52 | ![]() |
peace with the Crows (two figures with different hair; exchanging pipes) |
1852-53 | ![]() |
Nez Percés come to Lone-Horn's lodge at night (figure with one horn; black-topped tepee indicates night) |
1853-54 | ![]() |
Spanish blankets first arrive (white trader with striped blanket) |
1854-55 | ![]() |
Brave-Bear is killed (extended arms with ornamentation; pierced by arrows) |
1855-56 | ![]() |
White general makes peace with Dakotas (Indian and white figure shaking hands) |
1856-57 | ![]() |
Four-Horn is made a medicine-man (man with four horns holds ceremonial pipe) |
1857-58 | ![]() |
Dakotas kill a Crow woman (figure in female dress pierced by arrows) |
1858-59 | ![]() |
Lone-Horn makes medicine (one-horned figure; head of white buffalo) |
1859-60 | ![]() |
Chief Big-Crow killed by Crows (crow pierced by arrow) |
1860-61 | ![]() |
Chief Elk's-Voice-Walking makes medicine (elk and white buffalo head) |
1861-62 | ![]() |
Buffalo so plentiful that they come close to the dwellings (tracks near tepee) |
1862-63 | ![]() |
Red-Feather is killed (figure with red feather) |
1863-64 | ![]() |
Eight Dakotas are killed (eight lines, connected; cf. 1805) |
1864-65 | ![]() |
Dakotas kill four Crows (four severed heads, bloody) |
1865-66 | ![]() |
Many horses die of starvation (horse) |
1866-67 | ![]() |
Chief Swan dies (figure of chief, swan) |
1867-68 | ![]() |
Flags given to Dakotas by Peace Commission (Treaty of 1868) (flag) |
1868-69 | ![]() |
Texas cattle brought to the region (cattle figure) |
1869-70 | ![]() |
Solar eclipse (black sun, red stars) |
1870-71 | ![]() |
Battle with the Crows (warriors surrounding fort, with flying bullets shown) |
Garrick Mallery, 1893, Picture-Writing of the American Indians, pp. 266-287.