Verbs of movement

Kashaya
Grammar

Kashaya verbs of movement distinguish four different kinds of subjects, depending on the number of people involved and whether they are acting as a group or not. These roots refer to walking, or to going in general.

one person (or animal, or moving object)

root is /wa-/ with vowel-initial suffix; zero with consonant-initial suffix
vowel /a/ changes to /o/ in several forms due to following /o/ or /qʷ/
suppletive /cohtoc-/ rather than expected /wa-ibic-/ for "go away"

two people (male or female), or a few men together

root is /ʔda-/ and requires causative /-(h)qa/; literally "make a path extend"

several people together, as a group

root is /pʰila-/ with vowel-initial suffix; /pʰi-/ with consonant-initial suffix
vowel /a/ changes to /o/ in several forms due to following /o/ or /qʷ/

several people separately

root is /hayom-/ with vowel-initial suffix, usually infixed as /hayohma-/
always /hayohwi-/ with consonant-initial suffix, which matches the /m/ of the other forms

The following list is adapted from Oswalt's 1975 vocabulary list, with underlying forms added.

	one	two, a few	several together	several separately
start to go; leave	cohtoʔ	da·bícʰqaw	pʰilebíʔ	hayomí·biʔ
start to go; leave	/cohtoc-ʔ/	/ʔda-ibic-qa-w/	/pʰila-ibic-ʔ/	/hayom-ibic-ʔ/
go along (in one direction)	wa·du´	dacʼqáw	pʰilaʔ´	hayóhmaʔ
go along (in one direction)	/wa-ad-u/	/ʔda-ad-ʼ-qa-w/	/pʰila-ad-ʼ-ʔ/	/hayom,h-ad-ʼ-ʔ/
go here and there; wander	wanʔwadú	dacʼwácʼqaw	pʰilátʰmuʔ	hayómʔ
go here and there; wander	/wa-ad-wad-u/	/ʔda-ad-wad-ʼ-qa-w/	/pʰila-tʰmucʼ-ʔ/	/hayom-ʔ/
go far away	wa·dúʔ	da·cʼícʰqaw	pʰila·cʼíʔ	hayóhmacʼiʔ
go far away	/wa-adic-ʔ/	/ʔda-adic-ʼ-qa-w/	/pʰila-adic-ʼ-ʔ/	/hayom,h-adic-ʼ-ʔ/
go down	waláw	daláhqaw	pʰilaláw	hayóhmalaw
go down	/wa-(a)la-w/	/ʔda-(a)la-hqa-w/	/pʰila-(a)la-w/	/hayom,h-(a)la-w/
go down off of	walá·meʔ	dalá·mecʼqaw	pʰilalá·meʔ	hayóhmala·meʔ
go down off of	/wa-(a)lamecʼ-ʔ/	/ʔda-(a)lamecʼ-qa-w/	/pʰila-(a)lamecʼ-ʔ/	/hayom,h-(a)lamecʼ-ʔ/
come up	wolóʔ	dalóhqaw	pʰilolóʔ	hayóhmaloʔ
come up	/wa-(o)loq-ʔ/	/ʔda-(a)loq-qa-w/	/pʰila-(o)loq-ʔ/	/hayom,h-(a)loq-ʔ/
come up out of	woló·qoʔ	daló·qocʼqaw	pʰiloló·qoʔ	hayóhmalo·qoʔ
come up out of	/wa-(o)loq-icʼ-ʔ/	/ʔda-(o)loq-icʼ-qa-w/	/pʰila-(o)loq-icʼ-ʔ/	/hayom,h-(o)loq-icʼ-ʔ/
go up	waqáʔ	da·qácʰqaw	pʰilaqáʔ	hayóhmaqaʔ
go up	/wa-(a)qac-ʔ/	/ʔda-aqac-qa-w/	/pʰila-(a)qac-ʔ/	/hayom,h-aqac-ʔ/
come out	wóʔ	dahqáw	pʰilóʔ	hayóhmaʔ
come out	/wa-(o)qʷ-ʔ/	/ʔda-aqʷ-qa-w/	/pʰila-(o)qʷ-ʔ/	/hayom,h-aqʷ-ʔ/
go out	woqóʔ	da·qócʼqaw	pʰiloqóʔ	hayóhmaqoʔ
go out	/wa-(o)qocʼ-ʔ/	/ʔda-aqocʼ-qa-w/	/pʰila-(o)qocʼ-ʔ/	/hayom,h-aqocʼ-ʔ/
go away or out	wáʔ	dahqáw	pʰiláʔ	hayóhmaʔ
go away or out	/wa-(a)q-ʔ/	/ʔda-aq-qa-w/	/pʰila-(a)q-ʔ/	/hayom,h-aq-ʔ/
come in toward here	máʔ	damáhqaw	pʰimáʔ	hayóhwimaʔ
come in toward here	/Ø-maqʷ-ʔ/	/ʔda-maqʷ-qa-w/	/pʰi-maqʷ-ʔ/	/hayohwi-maqʷ-ʔ/
go in from here	máʔ	damácʰqaw	pʰimáʔ	hayóhwimaʔ
go in from here	/Ø-mac-ʔ/	/ʔda-mac-qa-w/	/pʰi-mac-ʔ/	/hayohwi-mac-ʔ/
go back a few steps	ma·qóʔ	damá·qocʼqaw	pʰimaqóʔ	hayóhwima·qoʔ
go back a few steps	/Ø-ma(·)qocʼ-ʔ/	/ʔda-maqocʼ-qa-w/	/pʰi-maqocʼ-ʔ/	/hayohwi-maqocʼ-ʔ/
go across	máw ; mámʔ	dámqaw	pʰimáw	hayóhwimʔ
go across	/Ø-ma-[m]-/	/ʔda-m-qa-w/	/pʰi-ma-w/	/hayohwi-m-ʔ/
go around to the other side	múlʔ	damúlqaw	pʰimúlʔ	hayóhwimulʔ
go around to the other side	/Ø-mul-ʔ/	/ʔda-mul-qa-w/	/pʰi-mul-ʔ/	/hayohwi-mul-ʔ/
go around all the way	mulíʔ	damú·licʼqaw	pʰimulíʔ	hayóhwimu·liʔ
go around all the way	/Ø-mul-icʼ-ʔ/	/ʔda-mul-icʼ-qa-w/	/pʰi-mul-icʼ-ʔ/	/hayohwi-mul-icʼ-ʔ/
terminate going; arrive	ma·dúʔ	damá·cʼicʰqaw	pʰimacʼíʔ	hayóhwimacʼiʔ
terminate going; arrive	/Ø-ma(·)dic-ʔ/	/ʔda-madic-ʼ-qa-w/	/pʰi-madic-ʼ-ʔ/	/hayohwi-madic-ʼ-ʔ/